Abhishek Indurkar

Riga Technical University

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Co-Authors

Jānis Ločs

Riga Technical University

Kristaps Rubenis

Riga Technical University

Prajakta Dandekar

Institute of Chemical Technology

Ratnesh Jain

Institute of Chemical Technology

Aldo R. Boccaccını

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

Rajan Choudhary

University College Dublin

Ashish Pandit

Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute

Mansingraj S. Nimbalkar

Shivaji University

Susanne Heid

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

Oliver Friedrich

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

Cooperative Institutions

Riga Technical University

Institute of Chemical Technology

Innovation (Latvia)

Vellore Institute of Technology University

Creative Commons

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań

Materials Science & Engineering

Biotech Park

All India Institute of Medical Sciences

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Fabrication of guar gum-gelatin scaffold for soft tissue engineering

Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications (2020)

Abhishek Indurkar Prachi Bangde Manish Gore A. K. Agrawal Ratnesh Jain

This study investigates the effect of G', G" and G"/G' (tan ∂) on the properties of freeze-dried scaffolds for tissue engineering. Guar gum (GG)-gelatin (GE) hydrogels were prepared with varying concentrations of GG, to achieve a wide range of G' and G". Rheological analysis was performed and then the hydrogels were freeze-dried to evaluate their porosity and structural integrity. Studies revealed that higher tan ∂ values resulted in weak scaffolds, while lower values resulted in hard scaffolds having structural deformities. Scaffolds desirable for soft tissue engineering had tan ∂ value of 0.88. The porosity and interconnectivity of the optimized scaffold were in range to enable efficient transport of nutrition and waste products. Physical parameters, like contact angle and surface roughness of the optimized scaffold were favourable for soft tissue engineering. Bioassay was performed by culturing human keratinocytes, which divulged excellent cell viability and proliferation even after fourteen days of culture.

Gelatin

Guar gum

Interconnectivity

Viability assay

10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100006

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Citations (20)

Cancer of Reproductive System: Receptors and Targeting Strategies

AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series (2019)

Manish Gore Amita Puranik Abhishek Indurkar Bismita Sonowal Padma V. Devarajan

10.1007/978-3-030-29168-6_4

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Advances in Sintering Techniques for Calcium Phosphates Ceramics

Materials (2021)

Abhishek Indurkar Rajan Choudhary Kristaps Rubenis Jānis Ločs

Calcium phosphate (CaP) biomaterials are extensively used to reconstruct bone defects. They resemble a chemical similarity to the inorganic mineral present in bones. Thus, they are termed as the key players in bone regeneration. Sintering is a heat treatment process applied to CaP powder compact or fabricated porous material to impart strength and integrity. Conventional sintering is the simplest sintering technique, but the processing of CaPs at a high temperature for a long time usually leads to the formation of secondary phases due to their thermal instability. Furthermore, it results in excessive grain growth that obstructs the densification process, limiting the application of CaP's ceramics in bone regeneration. This review focuses on advanced sintering techniques used for the densification of CaPs. These techniques utilize the synergy of temperature with one or more parameters such as external pressure, electromagnetic radiation, electric current, or the incorporation of transient liquid that boosts the mass transfer while lowering the sintering temperature and time.

Limiting

10.3390/ma14206133

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Citations (25)

Role of carboxylic organic molecules in interfibrillar collagen mineralization

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (2023)

Abhishek Indurkar Rajan Choudhary Kristaps Rubenis Jānis Ločs

Bone is a composite material made up of inorganic and organic counterparts. Most of the inorganic counterpart accounts for calcium phosphate (CaP) whereas the major organic part is composed of collagen. The interfibrillar mineralization of collagen is an important step in the biomineralization of bone and tooth. Studies have shown that synthetic CaP undergoes auto-transformation to apatite nanocrystals before entering the gap zone of collagen. Also, the synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate/collagen combination alone is not capable of initiating apatite nucleation rapidly. Therefore, it was understood that there is the presence of a nucleation catalyst obstructing the auto-transformation of CaP before entering the collagen gap zone and initiating rapid nucleation after entering the collagen gap zone. Therefore, studies were focused on finding the nucleation catalyst responsible for the regulation of interfibrillar collagen mineralization. Organic macromolecules and low-molecular-weight carboxylic compounds are predominantly present in the bone and tooth. These organic compounds can interact with both apatite and collagen. Adsorption of the organic compounds on the apatite nanocrystal governs the nucleation, crystal growth, lattice orientation, particle size, and distribution. Additionally, they prevent the auto-transformation of CaP into apatite before entering the interfibrillar compartment of the collagen fibril. Therefore, many carboxylic organic compounds have been utilized in developing CaP. In this review, we have covered different carboxylate organic compounds governing collagen interfibrillar mineralization.

Amorphous calcium phosphate

Mineralized tissues

10.3389/fbioe.2023.1150037

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Citations (16)

Development of nanocomposite hydrogel using citrate-containing amorphous calcium phosphate and gelatin methacrylate

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology (2024)

Abhishek Indurkar Kristaps Rubenis Aldo R. Boccaccını Jānis Ločs

Nanocomposite hydrogels are suitable in bone tissue engineering due to their resemblance with the extracellular matrix, ability to match complex geometries, and ability to provide a framework for cell attachment and proliferation. The nanocomposite hydrogel comprises organic and inorganic counterparts. Gelatin methacrylate (GELMA) is an extensively used organic biomaterial in tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioactivity. The photo-crosslinking of GELMA presents a challenge when aiming to create thicker nanocomposite hydrogels due to opacity induced by fillers, which obstructs the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light. Therefore, using a chemical crosslinking approach, we have developed nanocomposite GELMA hydrogel in this study by incorporating citrate-containing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP_CIT). Ammonium persulfate (APS) and Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) were deployed to crosslink the methacrylate group of GELMA. The oscillatory shear tests have confirmed that crosslinking enhances both storage (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of GELMA. Subsequently, incorporation of ACP_CIT in GELMA hydrogel shows further enhancement in G′ and G″ values. In vitro analysis of the developed hydrogels revealed that chemical crosslinking and incorporation of ACP_CIT do not compromise the cytocompatibility of the GELMA. Hence, for developing nanocomposite GELMA hydrogels employing APS/TEMED crosslinking emerges as a promising alternative to photo-crosslinking.

Gelatin

Biocompatibility

Ammonium persulfate

Biomaterial

Amorphous calcium phosphate

10.3389/fbioe.2024.1421415

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3D Bioprinted Cell-laden GrooveNeuroTube: A Multifunctional Platform for Ex Vivo Neural Cell Migration and Growth Studies

bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (2025)

Jagoda Litowczenko Yasmin Richter Abhishek Indurkar Krzysztof Tadyszak Adam Ostrowski

Extensive peripheral nerve injuries often lead to the loss of neurological function due to slow regeneration and limited recovery over large gaps. Current clinical interventions, such as nerve guidance conduits (NGCs), face challenges in creating biomimetic microenvironments that effectively support nerve repair. In this study, we designed the GrooveNeuroTube, composed of a hyaluronic acid methacrylate and gelatin methacrylate (HAMA-GelMA) hydrogel, incorporating active agents (growth factors and antibacterial agent) encapsulated within an NGC conduit made of 3D-printed PCL grid fibers. This bioengineered conduit demonstrated high cytocompatibility (>90%) and extended degradability (over 60 days). In vitro studies showed that GrooveNeuroTube significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal cells, 3D bioprinted at the far ends of the conduit to imitate a proximal nerve injury as a novel ex vivo model. A long-term culture of up to 60 days was employed to better mimic in vivo conditions. We then used this model to test the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation on neural tissue development and integration. Analysis revealed that neurite length was significantly greater in cells exposed to PEMF stimulation, with more elongated neurites (38%). After 60 days in culture, GrooveNeuroTube showed cell migration reaching 7.2 mm, representing a 32% increase compared to the GF-only group and a 105% increase compared to the no-growth-factor condition. These results confirm that the GrooveNeuroTube system can effectively support sustained neural cell migration and maturation over extended periods, proving a new technology for testing peripheral nerve injury ex vivo.

Ex vivo

Neural cell

10.1101/2025.02.19.639097

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Conversion of Biowaste into Larnite by Sol‐Gel Combustion Route for Biomedical Applications

ChemistrySelect (2022)

Naveensubramaniam Vijayakumar Senthil Kumar Venkatraman Rajan Choudhary Abhishek Indurkar Ankita Chatterjee

Abstract The conversion of waste product into a valuable material can significantly reduce the environmental pollution. In present study, eggshell waste was utilized to synthesize larnite (Ca 2 SiO 4 ) at 850 °C via sol‐gel assisted combustion method. TG/DSC, FT‐IR, XRD and SEM/EDX were utilized to characterize the larnite sample. The biomineralization study clearly indicates that larnite has the ability to induce apatite formation on its surface within 3 days, after immersion in the simulated body fluid medium. According to the microscopic investigation, spherical beads like morphology confirmed the apatite deposition on the surface of larnite scaffold. Also, larnite showed significant resistance against the growth of clinical pathogens at a low concentration of 2 mg/mL. The observations suggest that larnite could be used as a coating material over the inert orthopaedic implants in the field of biomedical applications.

Inert

Simulated body fluid

Environmental Pollution

10.1002/slct.202103783

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Citations (9)

Ultrafast and Reproducible Synthesis of Tailor-Made Octacalcium Phosphate

ACS Omega (2024)

Rajan Choudhary Abhishek Indurkar Kristaps Rubenis Andra Grava Arita Dubņika

Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) has excellent bone formation ability and a good resorption rate as compared to the commercial bone substitutes [e.g., Bio-Oss (Geistlich Pharma AG) and MBCP+ (Biomatlante)], as well as synthesized biomaterials (hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate). The synthesis approach to obtain phase-pure OCP possesses a great challenge due to its complex reaction mechanism and narrow synthesis window. Thus, the current study aimed to overcome the synthesis challenges and to define the precise reaction conditions required for controllable and reproducible synthesis of OCP. Using the principles of the coprecipitation method, novel synthesis protocols were developed ensuring ultrafast synthesis of OCP within minutes. XRD analysis confirmed that phase-pure OCP was obtained. These processing schemes enabled the synthesis of tailor-made OCP with specific surface areas ranging from 16 to 91 m2/g. The synthesized OCPs exhibited plate-like morphology. The interaction of the synthesized OCPs with MC3T3-E1 cells was found to be nontoxic, confirming their cytocompatibility. The synthesis approach developed in this study indicates that challenges such as the reaction volume, stirring rate, and flow rate need to be addressed in the future to upscale the technology.

Octacalcium phosphate

10.1021/acsomega.4c01436

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Novel synthesis of ultra‐fine Sb ₂ O ₃ nanocubes using plant extract

IET Nanobiotechnology (2019)

Abhishek Indurkar Viraj D. Sangoi Nikhil D. Moon Mansingraj S. Nimbalkar

In this study, the synthesis of ultra-fine grade antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) using plant extract for the first time is reported. Antimony chloride was used as a starting material and Dioscorea alata tuber extract was used as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. XRD analysis indicates the formation of pure Sb2O3 nanoparticles. The result from FE-SEM and DLS showed that the particles have a cube-like morphology and have an average size of 346.4 nm which falls within the range of ultra-fine grade Sb2O3.

Antimony trioxide

10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5314

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Citations (4)

Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Reinforced Alginate-Dialdehyde-Gelatin (Ada-Gel) Bioinks for Biofabrication of Bone Tissue Scaffolds

Abhishek Indurkar Susanne Heid Jānis Ločs Julian Bauer Kristaps Rubenis

The aim of this study was to develop bioinks closely resembling the nanostructure of bone incorporating amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) as inorganic counterpart; specifically citrate stabilized ACP (ACP_CIT) and non-stabilized ACP (ACP_ACE), in alginate dialdehyde-gelatin (ADA-GEL). Oscillatory shear tests were performed to understand the viscoelastic behavior of the hydrogels. G' and G" of ADA-GEL were 78 ± 8 Pa and 3.4 ± 0.4 Pa, respectively. By addition of ACP_ACE, G' and G" increased to 117 ± 15 Pa and 6.2 ± 0.4 Pa, while incorporation of ACP_CIT led to G' and G" values of 127 ± 14 Pa and 8 ± 1 Pa, respectively. The viscoelastic properties of ADA-GEL were enhanced by the reinforcement with ACP. ACP_CIT was more effective than ACP_ACE. Bioinks were formulated by embedding MC3T3-E1 cells in the hydrogels, followed by fabrication of constructs at 65 kPa and speed of 5 mm/s. Crosslinking was performed by immersing in CaCl2 and microbial transglutaminase solution. Post-printing analysis was performed using printability index and average pore area analysis. The lowest structural stability was observed in ADA-GEL constructs and the highest was noted in ADA-GEL-ACP_CIT. Epifluorescence and two-photon microscopy of Rhodamine/Phalloidin stained constructs confirmed the cytocompatibility of the bioinks.

Biofabrication

Gelatin

Amorphous calcium phosphate

10.2139/ssrn.4679042

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