Background: HIV subtypes convey important epidemiological information and possibly influence the rate of disease progression. Data on the effect of HIV strains CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC on disease progression are limited, and information on national HIV subtype distribution and trends needs to be updated. In this study, HIV disease progression in patients infected with CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and subtype B was compared in the largest HIV molecular epidemiology study ever done in China.Methods: A national data set of HIV pol sequences was assembled by pooling sequences from public databases and the Beijing HIV laboratory network (BHLN). The BHLN routinely maintains a nationally transmitted drug resistance cohort. Sequence data was linked to demographic and clinical data from the national HIV epidemiology database. Subtypes were assigned using the automated subtyping tool context-based modeling for expeditious typing (COMET), subtype prevalence was assessed using demographic characteristics, and trends in subtype were determined by sampling phase. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with the risk of AIDS at diagnosis ([AIDSAD], defined as a CD4 count <200 cells/µL) in patients with HIV subtype B, CRF01_AE, and CRF07_BC.Findings: Of the 20,663 sequences, 9,156 (44.3%) were CRF01_AE. CRF07_BC was responsible for 28.3% of infections, followed by subtype B (13.9%), unique recombinant forms (5.9%), CRF55_01B (2.2%), CRF08_BC (1.7%), and subtype C (1.3%). In multivariable analysis, the risk of AIDSAD differed significantly according to HIV subtype (OR for CRF07_BC vs. subtype B: 0.46, 95% CI 0.39─0.53), age (OR for ≥65 years vs. <18 years: 4.3 95% CI 1.81─11.8), and transmission risk groups (OR for man who have sex with man vs. heterosexual: 0.67 95% CI 0.6─0.75).Interpretation: These findings suggest that HIV diversity in China is constantly evolving and gaining complexity. CRF07_BC is less pathogenic than subtype B, while CRF01_AE is as pathogenic as subtype B.Funding: Beijing Natural Science Foundation, China Capital’S Funds For Health Improvement and Research.Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing interests.Ethical Approval: The research ethics committee at the Beijing Center for DiseasePrevention and Control approved this study.
Abstract Owing to the low‐cost, dendrite‐free formation, and high volumetric capacity, rechargeable Li + /Mg 2+ hybrid‐ion batteries (LMIBs) have attracted great attention and are regarded as promising energy storage devices. However, due to the strong Coulombic interaction of Mg 2+ with host materials, the traditional “Daniell Type” LMIBs with only Li + intercalation usually cannot ensure a satisfactory energy density. Herein, graphene monolayers are arranged intercalating into MoS 2 interlamination to construct van der Waals heterostructures (MoS 2 /G VH). This operation transforms the construction of ion channels from pristine interlamination of two MoS 2 monolayers to the interlamination of MoS 2 monolayer with graphene monolayer, thereby greatly reducing ion diffusion energy barriers. Compared with pristine MoS 2 , the MoS 2 /G VH can obviously reduce the migration energy barriers of Li + (from 0.67 to 0.09 eV) and Mg 2+ (from 1.01 to 0.21 eV). Moreover, it is also demonstrated that MoS 2 /G VHs realize Li + /Mg 2+ co‐intercalation even at a rate current of 1000 mA g −1 . As expected, the MoS 2 /G VH exhibits superior electrochemical performance with a reversible capacity of 145.8 mAh g −1 at 1000 mA g −1 after 2200 cycles, suggesting the feasibility of potential applications for high‐performance energy storage devices.
Abstract Background: While some studies have reported the impact of COVID-19 vaccines on immune recovery and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs in persons living with HIV (PLWH), their findings remain inconsistent. Furthermore, limited data exist on the safety of multiple COVID-19 vaccines among PLWH. This study aimed to investigate the safety of heterological COVID-19 vaccine administration in PLWH receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) and its effects on HIV reservoirs and immune recovery. Such an investigation can help provide a basis for vaccinations against COVID-19 in PLWH. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, PLWH receiving ART were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Infectious Diseases at the Fifth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from September 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021. Fifty-three PLWH receiving ART were vaccinated against COVID-19, with 35 receiving an inactivated vaccine (IN group) and 18 receiving a recombinant protein (CHO cells) vaccine (CHO group) as the third dose. We assessed the changes in liver and kidney functions, blood lipids, and other laboratory parameters at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 13 months after the first vaccination dose. We also monitored CD4 + and CD8 + T cell counts using flow cytometry at 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 13 months after the first vaccination dose, as well as levels of cell-associated HIV DNA (CA HIV DNA) and cell-associated HIV RNA (CA HIV RNA) in peripheral blood using the corresponding quantitative detection kits at 0, 2, and 8 months after the first vaccination dose. Results: No severe adverse events related to either type of COVID-19 vaccine were observed in HIV patients, irrespective of their CD4 + T cell levels. Both the IN and CHO groups showed significant increases in CD4 + T cell counts during follow-up, CD4 + T cells increased from 438 ± 45 cells/μL to 557 ± 48 cells/μL in the CHO group, while in the IN group, it increased from 448 ± 34 cells/μL to 572 ± 39 cells/μL (both P < 0.001). CA HIV DNA initially decreased and then increased in both groups. CA HIV RNA levels showed significantly decreased in both group after three doses of vaccination ( P < 0.01 in CHO group and P < 0.001 in IN group). CD8 + T cells increased from 608 ± 77 cells/μL to 812 ± 116 cells/μL in the CHO group ( P < 0.01), while in the IN group, it increased from 702 ± 71 cells/μL to 852 ± 68 cells/μL( P < 0.001) from baseline to the 13 month of following up. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine is safe for PLWH on ART, although it may affect HIV reservoirs and CD8 + T cell counts.
The HIV-1 epidemic was mainly driven by men who have sex with men (MSM) recently in Beijing, China, with high genetic diversity. Novel recombinant strains were frequently reported at 3.4%-9.9%. It is imperative to interpret the recombinant modes and the putative transmission sources by near full-length genome (NFLG). Four individuals from the MSM population were identified as novel recombinant strains during surveillance of pretreatment drug resistance. NFLG sequences were harvested by near end-point dilution and nested PCR with two overlapping half fragments. Phylogenetic inference was performed with subtyping reference sequences and major parental strain sequences, to explore the patterns of genetic recombinant and potential sources of parent strains. The breakpoints were determined using SimPlot 3.5 to draw genome mosaic map, and the potential parental strains were confirmed by Mega 6.0 using segmental neighbor-joining trees. BL19487-00 and BL1948-00 sequences were obtained from epidemiologically linked individuals and shared similar breakpoints (HXB2 nt 4,497 ± 8 to 4,722) with substitution of subtype B pol gene segment in the backbone of CRF55_01B. BL3104-00 and BL4307-00 carried seven and eight breakpoints, respectively, in the backbone of CRF65_cpx with g5 CRF01_AE substitutions. The recombinant fragments were located around gag, pol, and env genes, with vpr-tat and nef-3'-LTR genes only for BL4307-00. No transmitted drug resistance was observed with the four unique recombinant forms (URFs), except for some drug resistance associated mutations. The advent of URFs around CRF55_01B and CRF65_cpx identified in recent years implied that the sexual behaviors were active and the epidemic of HIV was complicated among MSM in Beijing. Molecular epidemiological surveillance and precise control should be reinforced for this population.
Anion vacancies riched MoSSe and graphene van der Waals heterostructures can reduce the ion diffusion barriers and increase the adsorption energy, thereby greatly enhancing the ion diffusion rate and suppressing the rapid voltage drop in discharge.
Two-dimensional Nb2O5 holey nanosheets with outstanding rate performance and cycling performance as the cathode of novel Mg2+/Li+ hybrid ion batteries.
Optoelectronic properties of metal halide perovskites were modulated using Sn-doping. Photoconductors were fabricated based on the Sn-doped perovskite films, and the devices were optimized to present weak temperature-dependent performance metrics.
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