The soil and its microenvironment are extremely important, that play major role in plant growth and sustainable agriculture focusing on the production of long-term crops and livestock while having minimal effects on the environment. For sustainable agriculture, healthy soil which leads to quality crop produce is most important which can fulfill the nutritional requirements of living organisms. An increasing interest has emerged with respect to the soil health due to the importance of soil microflora as an active and priceless natural resource with diverse species of useful microorganisms. Diverse types of advantageous microorganisms are present in soil, which are responsible for decomposition of organic matter; toxin removal; and the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. In addition, microorganisms play key role in suppressing soilborne plant diseases, promoting plant growth, and changes in vegetation. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are considered to be best studied group of microbes for growth promotion. There are two regions in the soil i.e., rhizosphere and rhizoplane which are extensively colonized by PGPR than any other region. Wide variety of PGPR and its allies with diverse role and usages for sustainable agriculture are still a prime topic of interest among researchers. The environmental factors and soil physioco-chemical properties also plays a vital role in the efficiency and performance of PGPR. However, variations in the performace of PGPR can be addressed through ecological and functional biological approaches. In this review article, recent advances in the mechanism of rhizobacteria for plant growth promoting traits have been discussed.
Background: Circulating inflammatory markers increase with age. This pro-inflammatory milieu makes the organism less capable of coping with stressors such as stroke. Age related inflammation occurs in both the brain and peripheral tissues like the gastro-intestinal tract. There is increasing recognition that commensal bacteria in the GI tract are altered with age or with germ-free housing, affecting the brain. The change occurs most notably in the ratio of two major phyla of the microbiome, the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes . Young age is associated with a low ratio of the two but this ratio increases with age, which has been linked to many diseases including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes which are major risk factors for stroke. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that there would be age-related differences in the microbiome, and that restoration of a young microbiome would improve functional recovery in aged mice. Methods: Fecal transplants from young and aged donors were administered to recipient animals after suppression of endogenous microbial compositions through concentrated Streptomycin. This allowed for successful colonization of the gut with the newly transplanted microbiome. A transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used in young (3-4 month) and aged (18-20 month) male mice 4 weeks after transplant. Functional recovery was assessed by neurological deficit scores, the hang wire test, and open field activity. The Y-maze was used to assess cognitive impairment. Results: We successfully reversed the microbiomes of aged organisms and gave young animals “aged” biomes. Animals with “aged” microbiomes prior to stroke had worsened functional recovery based on all behavioral tests. The “aged” biome increased mortality rates most notably in the young recipients which had over 50% mortality. Aged mice had significantly improved functional recovery as assessed by the HW test ( P < 0.05 ) and NDS after reconstitution of “young” microbiome prior to stroke compared to aged control animals with the normal “aged” microbiomes. Conclusion: Aged mice have high Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes relative abundances. Manipulation of the microbiome in young and aged mice is possible. Restoration of a youthful biome improved functional recovery in aged mice.
Abstract The discharge of industrial waste effluent contains toxic substances which cause serious threat to human health as well as environment. The present study was conducted to determine the isolation and characterization of heavy metal removing Bacteria and its efficacy for removing Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni toxicity. In this study, wastewater samples were collected from different contaminated industrial sites in western Himalayan region. The isolate was recovered on nutrient agar plate supplemented with different concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni by the standard pour plate method. The isolated strain was characterized on the basis of morphological and biochemical test. The strain was identified as Lysinibacillus sphaericus. After identification heavy metal removal efficacy of the bacterial isolate for lead was 100% (1or 3ppm), 95% (5ppm), 90% (7ppm) and 85% (10 ppm). Heavy metal removal efficacy of the bacterial isolates for Cd was 100% (1ppm, 3ppm), 95% (5 and 7ppm) and 90% (10ppm). Heavy metal removal efficacy of the isolated bacteria for Ni was 100% (1ppm), 96% (3ppm), for 5ppm it removes 92%, 89% at 7ppm and at 10ppm the removal efficacy is 85%. Heavy metal removal efficacy of the isolated bacteria for Cu was 100% at 1ppm concentration, 98% at 3ppm, 94% at 5ppm, 91% at 7ppm and 88% at 10 ppm. The nucleotide sequences of Lysinibacillus sphaericus generated through 16S rDNA technique, the accession number provided to the bacterial sequence is OM904067. This strain was best for heavy metal tolerance and for bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environment.
Rice crop, a staple food for a majority of population across the world, holds a significant role to play in alleviating the global hunger problem. Enhancement of genetic diversity of rice will serve to overcome constraints in sustained and ecologically effective improvement in the production of quality rice, challenged by erratic patterns of global climate, changing pest dynamics, resource availability in proportion to growing population etc. Proton ion beam has sprung up as a promising novel mutagen in the mutation breeding of crop plants, by virtue of its higher LET values, causing higher frequency of mutations. Dose optimization is pre-requisite to obtain a range of phenotypic mutants, without drastic reduction in survival and growth subsequently. This study was undertaken to standardize proton beam irradiation dose rate post the evaluation of in-vitro germination, growth and survival of rice variety IBD-1, with doses ranging from 0–500Gy. Doses between 152.47Gy253.53Gy were found suitable for mutagenesis, without drastically impairing growth and survival.
In this work, a hydrophilic sandwich-like graphene oxide (GO) ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) was synthesized via the surface imprinting technique to develop a dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction method for the preconcentration of Ni(II) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In this imprinted polymer, allyl-rich amines (monomer) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) (cross-linker) act as platforms for Ni(II) recognition. Most importantly, the influence of other transition metals as well as alkali/alkaline earth metals in the samples was evaluated to compare the imprinting effect between IIP and nonimprinted polymer (NIP) as a control. The IIP for Ni(II) in a binary mixture provides >99% recovery with a good selectivity coefficient, whereas NIP could not recognize a specific metal ion from competitive ions due to the absence of imprinting effect. Moreover, the introduced specific binding sites with complementary shapes and sizes for Ni(II) recognition in IIP exhibited high adsorption capacity as compared to NIP and fast chemical kinetics with a pseudo-second-order model. The ease of separation from aqueous solutions by an external magnet is facilitated due to embedded Fe3O4 nanoparticles. By utilizing nonlinearized isotherm modeling, two-parameter models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin–Radushkevich) and three-parameter models (Redlich–Peterson and Sips) were analyzed with error analysis (reduced χ2, residual root-mean-square error (RMSE), and sum squares error (SSE)). Additionally, the structural modifications of GO were examined by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). No significant difference was found in FTIR spectra of IIP and NIP. Accuracy was presented by SRM and recovery studies. The synthesized sorbent possesses high recognition ability even after seven regeneration cycles, illustrating potential applications for Ni(II) determination in various food and water samples.
In vitro propagation can be explored to overcome the constraint of limited planting material in plum. Although it ensures the production of plants in large number, but there are chances of somaclonal variations using this technology. Thus, clonal fidelity of in vitro raised plants should be checked to obtain true to type planting material prior to transplantation in the field. Genetic fidelity of in vitro cultures of plum (Prunus salicina) cvs. Santa Rosa and Frontier multiplied for 5 years (60 passages) through enhanced axillary bud proliferation was tested and compared with 2 year old in vitro raised and mother plants of respective cultivars using RAPD, ISSR and SCoT markers. Out of twenty-eight RAPD primers, eighteen produced 29 and 27 distinct bands in Santa Rosa and Frontier whereas, all of the fifteen ISSR primers screened generated clear reproducible bands in both the cultivars. In SCoT assay, eight primers out of twenty-six generated reproducible bands in both the cultivars. Homogenous amplification was observed in all the samples thereby confirming the genetic fidelity of tissue culture raised plants, thus suggesting that in vitro propagation using axillary buds is the safest mode for the production of clonal planting material in plum.
Water samples were collected from hot water springs of Himachal Pradesh and two pigment producing bacterial isolates M1 (Yellow) and MS2 (Orange) were obtained. Cultural conditions, including best carbon and nitrogen sources, were optimized and both the bacterial isolates showed maximum growth and pigment production in Luria Bertani medium for an incubation period of 72 hrs at pH 7.0 and temperature 40oC. Glucose for M1 and maltose for MS2 at 0.5% were found to be the best carbon source for maximum pigment production. Peptone (0.5%) for M1 and potassium nitrate (0.5%) for MS2 as nitrogen sources was best for pigment production. The results of spectral analysis showed λmax at 437 for M1 and 435 for MS2 indicating the presence of carotenoids qualitatively. Hot water springs are excellent natural source for isolation of pigment producing microorganisms. Bacterial isolates produced good yield of pigment under controlled cultural conditions. Obtaining pigments from natural sources is an environment friendly approach. Pigment production from natural sources is also helpful for humans in lowering allergic reactions and several vital diseases
A bacterial collection of approximately thirty native strains were isolated from rhizosphere soil associated with the seedlings of Valeriana jatamansi grown in moist temperate forest located in and around Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh. The strain CKMV1 showed PGP traits like, phosphate solubilization (257.0 mg l−1), indole acetic acid (7.0 μ gml−1) and siderophore production (53.43%) at 35±2ºC. Besides, the strain also exhibited growth on nitrogen free medium, hydrogen cyanide production and antifungal activity against different fungal pathogens. Significant growth inhibition of fungal pathogens occurred in the order as S. rolfsii > R. solani > D. necatrix > Alternaria spp.> F. oxysporum. The results suggested that the rhizosphere of native V. jatamansi growing in their natural habitat of Chamba district of H.P. is a rich source of Bacillus sp., which have potential to be used in the future as PGP inoculants to improve crop productivity. Morphological, biochemical and molecular based characterization of a selected isolate CKMV1, based on sequence homology of a partial 1375-bp fragment of 16S rDNA amplicon with the ribosomal database sequence validated the strain as Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus. Therefore, these results suggested that out of 30 isolates, Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus strain CKMV1 possessed multiple PGP traits thus can be further explored for its efficacy as effective PGPR.
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