Sterol regulatory element binding protein- 1 and -2 (SREBP-1 and -2) are key transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. The SREBP have mostly been studied in rodents in which lipogenesis is regulated in both liver and adipose tissue. There is, though, a paucity of information on birds, in which lipogenesis occurs essentially in the liver as in humans. Since a prelude to the investigation of the role of SREBP in lipid metabolism regulation in chicken, we review Size and Tissue expression Pattern of SREBP and role of this protein in chickens.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary genistein (Gn) on broiler immune system. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with five genistein levels (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg of Gn/kg) in a completely randomised design with 5 replicates of 10 birds. Dietary control treatments were included the negative control diet with no feed additive supplementation and two positive control groups supplemented with either virginiamycin or zinc bacitracin. Three hundred and fifty day-old male broiler chicks were fed with the experimental diets from 1 to 42 days of age. On days 13 and 23, chicks were vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus disease (IBV), respectively. The 10 chicks from each dietary treatment (two per pen replicate) were bled on day 6 and 12 after vaccinations. Sera samples were use in hemagglutination inhibition test for NDV and ELISA test for IBV. Dietary supplementation with 20 mg/kg Gn caused increases (p<0.01) in antibody titres against Newcastle and infectious bronchitis diseases viruses at day 12 after vaccine administration. However, diet modifications had no significant effect on blood leukocyte sub-populations and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. The present results suggest that dietary supplementation with genistein especially at the levels of 20 and 40 mg/kg can improve immunological responses of broiler chicks.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) and lysine levels on performance and nitrogen excretion in broiler chickens. Four hundred twenty 7-day old chickens from Ross 308 strain were randomly allotted to 6 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 14 chicks each (7 male and 7 female chicks). The CP levels were 17, 18, and 20 percent and lysine levels were 1.3 and 1.1 percent of experimental diets. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design as a 2×3 factorial arrangement. Experimental diets were offered ad libitum during starter (7-21 d) and grower (21-42 d) periods. At the age of 42 to 45 days, 2 birds placed in battery cages and their Excreta was totally collected to determine apparent nitrogen retention. Results of the present study showed that the CP levels had a significant effect on feed intake, weight gain, and nitrogen excretion. Among carcass parts only wings weight was affected significantly by the CP levels. The CP levels of 20 and 17 percent resulted highest and lowest nitrogen excretion, respectively. Interaction between CP and lysine had a significant effect on feed intake and N excretion. Chicks fed diets containing 20% CP and 1.1 % lysine showed significantly more feed intake as compared to other groups. The 17% CP and 1.3% lysine diets resulted lowest and highest nitrogen excretion, respectively. In general, best performance results was observed by experimental diets containing 20 % CP and 1.1% lysine but this diet resulted most N excretion among the experimental diets.
The tendency toward nonsurgical cosmetic procedures is increasing worldwide.1 Autologous fat injection is a minimally invasive cosmetic procedure that is used to correct tissue loss and treat wrinkles and folds. While fat injection is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified and experienced practitioner, there are potential risks associated with this procedure. The complication rate associated with facial fat grafting is estimated to be approximately 4.8%. The actual complication rate of facial fat grafting is unknown due to underreporting and lack of consensus on defined side effects and diagnosis.2 The most catastrophic side effect of fat injection is vascular occlusion.3 Compared to other fillers, the risk of major vascular complications is higher in fat injection due to its large particle size, enabling it to occlude relatively large vessels, such as the ophthalmic artery.3 Although these complications are often temporary, the frequent and sometimes unauthorized injection of fat may lead to rare but serious and irreversible vascular complications caused by symptomatic arterial occlusion.4 The major vascular complications include skin necrosis, ophthalmoplegia, permanent unilateral or bilateral vision loss, and stroke. Ocular and cerebral embolism may occur as a result of the displacement of injected material from distal to proximal retinal and ophthalmic arteries, causing abrupt unbearable pain, loss of sight, and further tissue necrosis.1 Here we report a patient who suffered acute visual loss and stroke after autologous temporal fat injection to correct temporal hollowing by an unauthorized physician. Informed consent was obtained from this patient and the institutional board committee approved the report of this patient. A 42-year-old woman presented to the emergency room with sudden visual loss in her right eye, followed shortly by confusion, dysarthria, and left hemiplegia when she was undergoing autologous fat injection into the right temporal area. The patient arrived at our hospital 1.5 h after the onset of symptoms. She was immediately admitted to the stroke unit and after primary evaluation and meeting the criteria for receiving rTPA, she received 50 mg (0.9 mg/kg) intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Physical examination revealed agitation, severe dysarthria, and complete left hemiplegia. The right eye visual acuity exam revealed no light perception and the left eye was normal. Her right pupil was dilated and nonresponsive to light. Proptosis, periorbital edema, conjunctival hyperemia, and corneal opacity in the right eye were noticeable. Skin examination revealed ecchymosis with a livedo reticularis pattern of the right frontotemporal area (Figure 1). She had no prior significant medical history. Routine laboratory tests and cardiac assessments were normal. TCD and MRA of the brain and cervical vessels did not show stenosis. The initial imaging with a CT scan revealed no significant findings; however, the follow-up imaging after the rTPA injection revealed extensive cerebral infarction of the right frontoparietal lobes after rTPA injection (Figure 2). MRI findings showed an acute stroke (Figure 3). Two weeks later, the patient was able to raise her left upper limb and walk with help. The left hand could perform simple grasping tasks. However, there was minimal visual acuity improvement in her left eye with only slight light perception. Eventually, the Modified Rankin Score (MRS) was about 3 during discharge. With the ongoing progress of techniques and the constant pursuit of beauty, the rate of facial fat grafting has dramatically increased. The incidence of related adverse events is about 4.8%, the majority of which are moderate and transient, such as scarring, fibrosis, and edema.5 Acute stroke and visual loss are rare but serious complications.3 Both vascular adverse events, especially the latter have no effective treatment options and have a poor prognosis.3 According to the current evidence, fat injection-induced blindness or stroke occurs if a sharp needle perforates the vessel wall or the operator applies excessive force and speed during the injection. The fat embolus can reach the ophthalmic artery and branches of the middle cerebral artery by reversed flow through anastomoses of the superficial temporal and the ophthalmic artery. Aesthetic injectors need to be properly trained and completely familiar with the anatomy of the injection sites and meticulous technique with blunt needles and appropriate pressure to avoid any serious vascular complications.4 In a previous systematic review and meta-analysis of patients with vascular complications occurring after aesthetic procedures, unilateral blindness was the most frequent vascular adverse event associated with cosmetic fillers for facial tissue augmentation.3 Among fillers, autologous fat was the most frequent culprit of permanent vascular damage. According to the literature, ophthalmic artery occlusion is routinely associated with irreversible blindness.3 Preventing stroke caused by fat injection requires particular attention to the technique used during the procedure. Fat injection should be performed by a qualified practitioner with a small, blunt cannula.1 Management of stroke in the setting of fat injection involves timely recognition of the symptoms and immediate supportive care including airway, breathing, and circulation as well as prompt discontinuation of the procedure. Currently, there is no consensus on the treatment of blindness or stroke induced by fat injection. We managed our patient by rTPA and the outcome was favorable. However, the role of thrombolytic therapy in the cases of stroke following fat injection is not yet clear but injection should be performed within the golden time of 4.5 h of stroke. Other treatments include decompressive craniotomy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and corticosteroids.6 Our case has several distinctive characteristics including a frozen eye due to complete ischemic ocular syndrome and improvement of the patient's motor deficiency and tissue sparing in the brain MRI after receiving rTPA. Parisa Azizjalali and Sahar Dadkhahfar performed the research. Shirin Zaresharifi, Bredsin Benyamin, and Fahimeh Alipour wrote the paper. Martin Kassir revised the manuscript and supervised it. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Dr.Sahar Dadkhahfar, upon reasonable request.
The effect of dietary thyme-oil extract (TOE) supplementation on immune functions of broilers were assessed by feeding graded levels (50, 100, 200, or 400 ppm) of TOE to male broiler chicks during a 42-d feeding trial compared with negative- or positive-control diets. Dietary control treatments included a negative-control diet with no feed-additive supplementation and 2 positive-control groups supplemented with either virginiamycin or zinc bacitracin. In total, 300 1-day-old Ross × Ross male broilers were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments that consisted of 5 replicates of 10 birds each. On d 21 and 42, 2 birds from each replicate were killed by cervical cutting to measure the relative weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius. At 25 d of age, chicks were injected with 0.5 mL of 10% SRBC suspension. Broilers fed with 200 ppm of TOE had heavier weights of bursa of Fabricius than those fed other dietary treatments at d 42 of age. Furthermore, dietary inclusion of 100 ppm of TOE resulted in higher (P < 0.05) total immunoglobulin response in primary antibody titer against sheep erythrocytes compared with other dietary treatments. On the other hand, diet modifications had no significant effect on blood leukocyte subpopulations and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with TOE, especially at the level of 100 ppm, can improve immunological responses of broiler chicks.
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