Immune responses to genestein in male broiler chicks
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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary genistein (Gn) on broiler immune system. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with five genistein levels (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg of Gn/kg) in a completely randomised design with 5 replicates of 10 birds. Dietary control treatments were included the negative control diet with no feed additive supplementation and two positive control groups supplemented with either virginiamycin or zinc bacitracin. Three hundred and fifty day-old male broiler chicks were fed with the experimental diets from 1 to 42 days of age. On days 13 and 23, chicks were vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bronchitis virus disease (IBV), respectively. The 10 chicks from each dietary treatment (two per pen replicate) were bled on day 6 and 12 after vaccinations. Sera samples were use in hemagglutination inhibition test for NDV and ELISA test for IBV. Dietary supplementation with 20 mg/kg Gn caused increases (p<0.01) in antibody titres against Newcastle and infectious bronchitis diseases viruses at day 12 after vaccine administration. However, diet modifications had no significant effect on blood leukocyte sub-populations and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. The present results suggest that dietary supplementation with genistein especially at the levels of 20 and 40 mg/kg can improve immunological responses of broiler chicks.Keywords:
Newcastle Disease
Infectious bursal disease
Virginiamycin
The S gene(3 534 bp) encoding the spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus(IBV) Massachusetts 41 strain was amplified by RT-PCR with specific primers and cloned into Newcastle disease virus(NDV) infectious clone of pBRN-FL to construct pBRN-FL-IBVS.The recombinant plasmid was transfected,together with helper plasmid,into the BSR cells that had been pre-infected by recombinant fowl poxvirus expressing T7 polymerase.Recombinant virus rL-IBVS was rescued and insertion of S gene in rL-IBVS was verified by RT-PCR.Expression of S protein in BSR cells infected with rL-IBVS was confirmed by indirect immunofluoresence(IFA).The results of MDT,ICPI and IVPI demonstrated rL-IBVS replicated to a titer similar to that of parental NDV LaSota vaccine strain in chicken embryos and retained low pathogenicity of LaSota strain.The recombinant virus constructed by applying reverse genetic techniques could be further developed as a novel live viral vector vaccine against both infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease.
Newcastle Disease
Recombinant virus
Avian infectious bronchitis
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Two experiments were conducted to demonstrate the nutrient-sparing effects and cost-effectiveness of virginiamycin (VM) when fed to broiler chickens in extended withdrawal diets. In experiment 1, broiler chickens (Ross × Cobb) were fed the same starter and grower diets. On d 30, the chickens were switched to the withdrawal diets, and these were fed until 49 d when the experiment ended. Treatments were as follows: 1) standard broiler withdrawal diet (17.1% CP), 2) a broiler withdrawal diet with low nutrient density (16% CP), and 3) the same broiler withdrawal diet as treatment 2 but supplemented with 15 ppm VM. In experiment 2, broiler chickens (Ross × Cobb) were fed the same starter and grower diets to d 35 when they were switched to the withdrawal diets, and these were fed until the experiment ended (d 49). Birds on treatment 1 received a standard broiler withdrawal diet similar to the one used in experiment 1, birds on treatment 2 received a broiler withdrawal diet with extra-low nutrient density (15% CP), and birds on treatment 3 received the same broiler withdrawal diet as in treatment 2 but supplemented with 15 ppm VM. In both experiments, the chickens fed the withdrawal diet containing VM had the heaviest BW, and the unadjusted feed conversions were comparable for the standard withdrawal diet (without reduced nutrient density) and the reduced nutrient density diets with VM. In both experiments, the chickens fed the withdrawal diets with VM had the lowest mortality. An analysis of the breast meat yield results showed that in both experiments, the birds fed the extended withdrawal diets with VM produced more total pounds of breast meat than the other 2 treatments.
Virginiamycin
Starter
Nutrient density
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A study was conducted to assess the effects of aflatoxin contaminated feed on the immunoresponse of one-day old layer chicks to attenuated live virus vaccines for Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB) and infectious bursal disease (IBD). Concurrent exposure of chickens to 2tiO parts per billion (ppb) aflatoxin in feed and vaccination against ND, IB and IBD resulted in lack of adequate protection against subsequent experimental challenge, as assessed by antibody responses compared to chickens fed aflatoxin-free ration. The mortalities were higher in chickens fed 200 ppb of aflatoxin than in chickens fed on aflatoxin-free ration.
Infectious bursal disease
Newcastle Disease
Poultry farming
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The paper studied the level of MDA and the activities of SOD in 24_day_old AA chickens infected with NDV.The result showed that the change of MDA content and SOD activity in ND broiler is obvious.Compared with normal chickens,the level of MDA is increased and the activities of SOD are decreased in NDV infected broiler.It suggests that free radical(FR) may participate the pathologic process of ND.
Newcastle Disease
Malondialdehyde
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This work has the objective of verifying the interference of infectious bursal disease virus in the antibody production against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus. The experiment was carried out with 640 day-old-chicks from a 42 weeks old hen flock. The birds were separated into eight experimental groups (n=80/group) and were submitted to different combinations of vaccinations, with live vaccines, to Newcastle disease, avian infectious bronchitis, and infectious bursal disease with diverse combinations of days of vaccination. We verified that the utilization of polyvalent vaccinal programs have a different efficacy comparing to monovalent vaccinations when Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and infectious bursal disease vaccinations are applied. This way, the use of vaccinations to infectious bursal disease in polyvalent vaccinal programs is desirable due to improvement of NDV response with the presence of IBV by the probable reduction of interference of IBV under NDV.
Infectious bursal disease
Newcastle Disease
Flock
Avian infectious bronchitis
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The competency of garlic and pennywort to improve broiler chicken growth and influence intestinal microbial communities and fatty acid composition of breast meat were studied. Two hundred forty, "day-old" chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups consisting of 6 replications of 10 chicks in each pen. The groups were assigned to receive treatment diets as follows: i) basal diet (control), ii) basal diet plus 0.5% garlic powder (GP), iii) basal diet plus 0.5% pennywort powder (PW) and iv) 0.002% virginiamycin (VM). Birds were killed at day 42 and intestinal samples were collected to assess for Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli. The pectoralis profundus from chicken breast samples was obtained from 10 birds from each treatment group on day 42 and frozen at −20°C for further analyses. Fatty acid profile of breast muscles was determined using gas liquid chromatography. Feed intake and weight gain of broilers fed with GP, PW, and VM were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to control. Feeding chicks GP, PW, and VM significantly reduced Escherichia coli count (p<0.05) while Lactobacillus spp count were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the gut when compared to control group on day 42. Supplemented diet containing pennywort increased the C18:3n-3 fatty acid composition of chickens' breast muscle. Garlic and pennywort may be useful in modulating broiler guts as they control the enteropathogens that help to utilize feed efficiently. This subsequently enhances the growth performances of broiler chickens. Keywords: Broiler Chicken; Garlic; Pennywort; Growth Performances; Microbial Population; Fatty Acid Composition
Virginiamycin
Feed additive
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At 35 days of age, chickens which as 1-day-old chicks were inoculated with the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) had significantly lower antibody titers against Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus than did those never inoculated with IBDV. The IBDV also had a marked effect on the development of air-sac lesions. Birds infected with IBDV that were later inoculated with M synoviae (day 14), Newcastle disease virus (days 14 and 28) experienced an increased incidence and greater seversity of airsacculitis than did chicks which were not exposed to IBDV.
Infectious bursal disease
Mycoplasma synoviae
Newcastle Disease
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An immunosuppressive effect was demonstrated in chickens which were infected with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) early in life and prior to or shortly after vaccination with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). This effect was evident by an increased susceptibility to respiratory tract infection with IBV and reduced virus-serum neutralizing antibody levels. Chickens which were hatched from dams susceptible to infectious bursal disease (IBD) were less responsive to IBV immunization attempts, if exposed to IBDV, than were those individuals hatched from IBD immune dams. However, in some cases, chickens from IBD immune dams were also more susceptible to IBV challenge when they had been exposed to IBDV and when compared to birds unexposed to IBDV but vaccinated against IB. An effect of cyclophosphamide on the bursa of Fabricius also had an immunosuppressive action on IBV immunity which was similar to the results from IBDV exposure. The data engendered from these trials may explain the unsatisfactory immunity sometimes observed under field conditions when broilers and replacement pullets are vaccinated at an early age.
Infectious bursal disease
Bursa of Fabricius
Avian infectious bronchitis
Immunosuppression
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The interference phenomenon of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) with growth of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in embryonating chicken eggs (ECE) was used as a diagnostic method. Fifteen field isolates obtained from presumptively infectious-bronchitis-affected chickens were analyzed by the IBV-NDV interference test. Eight isolates were capable of interfering with the growth of the La Sota strain of NDV, as measured by hemagglutination (HA) activity when IBV was inoculated 10 hr before NDV into ECE. The interference was considered specific for IBV, because it could be eliminated by adding homologous anti-IBV serum. The sensibility of this method could be demonstrated, because in some cases low-passage levels of IBV isolates showing HA interference ability were not capable of producing lesions in ECE. Furthermore, serologically negative IBV samples did not interfere with NDV growth. From these results, the IBV-NDV interference test appears to be a potential diagnostic alternative for identifying IBV field isolates.
Newcastle Disease
Avian infectious bronchitis
Viral Interference
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