Corrosion-resistant alloys such as stainless steel provide an ideal substrate for microbial colonization due to the absence of corrosion products, similar to inert non-metallic surfaces. Stainless steels are sensitive to pitting and other types of localized corrosion in chloride-containing media such as seawater. Sulfate-reducing bacteria play an essential role in the corrosion of stainless steel in marine and soil environments. Sulfate is utilized by microbes as a terminal electron acceptor as their respiration drives sulfate reduction leading to the formation of H2S, which can lead to a significant increase in anodic and cathodic processes and corrosion of materials. In reviewing the literature, it was found that most studies on microbially induced corrosion in stainless steels indicate that it is caused by the influence of chlorides and sulfides in the soil resulting from the secretion of sulfate-reducing bacteria. The influence of sulfate-reducing bacteria on stainless steel is described in detail in this review, which can be seen from the following points: general properties of sulfate-reducing bacteria, morphology and chemical composition of biofilm and corrosion products, mechanisms of microbiological corrosion by sulfate-reducing bacteria and electrochemical studies of corrosion rates of stainless steel by sulfate-reducing bacteria under different experimental conditions.
Lithium-ion batteries are constituted of many harmful components; the presence of these components in the environment may negatively affect human health. The application of innovations in Li-ion batteries recycling technologies, contributes to the protection of humans and the complete environment in a significant degree. However, the hazard from explosions or toxic matter emissions cannot be excluded even in the case of the application of modern technologies. In terms of recognizing the potential hazards, this paper describes possible toxic effects of the most important components of Li-ion batteries, with special accent on used electrolytes. Also, in terms of improving the employee's safety, this paper suggests certain protective measures during the recycling procedures.
This paper is focused on cobalt valorization from the cathode material of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by using leaching and electrochemical deposition methods. During the leaching experiments, the degrees of cathode material dissolution in H2SO4-N2 and H2SO4-O2 systems were compared. Maximal degrees of cobalt extraction were 40 % in the former and 47 % in the latter system under following experimental conditions: H2SO4 concentration of 2 mol dm-3, nitrogen/oxygen volumetric flow of 2 L min-1, solid phase concentration of 33 g L-1, and temperature of 85?C. The rate of cobalt extraction from the cathode material in both investigated systems was the most favorable in the first 15 min, after which there was a sudden decrease in the reaction rate. Cobalt from the leaching solution was deposited on a copper substrate by galvanostatic electrochemical deposition with a current efficiency of 84 %. The energy consumption was 5.8 kWh kg-1 of deposited Co. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) method was used to determine the potential of cobalt deposition, as well as side reactions taking place in the system. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry has shown that during the process of electrochemical deposition agglomeration of cobalt particles occurred (in the shape of cauliflower), while the metal was deposited in its elemental state, which was also confirmed by the results of X-ray diffraction analysis.
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a hybrid technology that produces electricity and recovers resources from wastewater through biocatalytic and electrochemical reactions. Metallurgical facilities in Bor, Serbia, are a source of copper-rich metallurgical wastewater, and the Town of Bor is a source of municipal wastewater rich in organic matter. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of application of MFC for the treatment of metallurgical and municipal wastewater that are released into the Bor River in Serbia. A prototype of MFC was constructed for this study, and 3 sets of experiments were performed using model solutions and real wastewater. Copper was successfully removed from the treated model solution with 99.42 % efficiency. Solid copper particles were obtained with a particle size of about 1 ?m. Maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of 191.7 mg L-1 h-1 was observed in the anodic compartment. The impact of this study is significant because MFC was implemented for the simultaneous treatment of two types of wastewaters, one containing metals and the other containing organic matter, and both types of wastewater are released into the same river.
This study is focussed on a comprehensive investigation on the state of pollution of Danube and Sava rivers in Belgrade region. Different complementary analytical approaches have been used covering both (i) organic ccontaminants in river water by target analyses of hormones and neonicotinoids as well as non-target screening analyses and (ii) heavy metals in sediments. Finally, some common water quality parameters have been analysed. The overall state of pollution is on a moderate level. Bulk parameters did not reveal any unusual observation. Also quantification of preselected organic contaminants did not point to elevated pollution. A more significant contamination was measured for chromium, nickel, zinc and partially copper in sediments with values above target values according to Serbian regulations. Lastly, non-target screening analysis revealed a wider spectrum of organic contaminants comprising pharmaceuticals, technical additives, personal care products and pesticides. The study presented a comprehensive view on the state of pollution of Sava and Danube rivers and is the base for setting up further monitoring programs. As a superior outcome it has been illustrated how different chemical analyses can point to different assessments of the river quality. The comparison of target and non-target analyses pointed to potential misinterpretation of the real state of pollution.
Increased concern of professional and scientific community for the environment has led to the increased utilization of environmentally friendly inhibitors for the protection of metals from corrosion. This paper investigates the possibility of using various amino acids as 'green' corrosion inhibitors for copper in 0.05 M HCl solution. The inhibitory properties of various concentrations of cysteine, methionine and alanine in 0.05 M hydrochloric acid solution on copper electrode have been evaluated, using the following methods: measuring open circuit potential (OCP), linear scan voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry techniques (CVs). It has been established that cysteine (1·10-2M) has the best inhibitory potential.
Medic and colleagues (Medic, Starkes, & Young, 2007) found that relatively younger cohorts of Masters athletes had higher participation rates and achieved higher performances compared with a relatively older cohort. Considering that Medic and colleagues' (2007) study was cross-sectional in nature, the purpose of this investigation was to employ a retrospective longitudinal study design to examine the participation rates of Masters swimmers as a function of an individual's constituent year within any 5-year age category over a period of 6 years. Using archived data from the 2003 to 2009 US Masters Short Course National Championships, swimmers' attendance was followed for a period of six consecutive years. Results indicated that a participation-related relative age effect was observed among swimmers who, over a period of 6 years, competed in either at least one championship (N = 2596; Cochran's Q₄ = 64.16, r(s) = -0.92, both P < 0.0001) or at least three championships (N = 441; Cochran's Q₄ = 47.51, r(s) = -0.91, both P < 0.0001). Overall, effect size analyses indicated that the odds of a Masters swimmer participating in the championship during the first constituent year of any 5-year age category was more than two times greater than the odds of that athlete participating during the fifth constituent year.
The aim of this study is to evaluate mullein (Verbascum thapsus) as a cost-effective and sustainable adsorbent for the biosorption of Pb(II) ions from synthetic wastewater samples. Biosorption of mullein was investigated as a function of initial Pb(II) concentration (25–400 mg L−1), biosorbent dosage (2–20 g L−1), solution pH (3–7), and contact time (10–120 min). Mullein as a material with a high affinity for Pb(II) ions had a biosorption efficiency of 98.56% under the optimal conditions: pH 6, initial concentration of Pb(II) at 100 mg L−1, contact time of 90 min, and biosorbent dosage of 20 g L−1. The FTIR spectra of mullein leaves showed that oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface are potentially active sites for the biosorption of Pb(II) ions. EDS analysis and the pHPZC value confirmed the adsorption of Pb(II) ions at the active sites of the mullein. Kinetic and isotherm data enabled insights into the modes of Pb(II) biosorption on the mullein surface which were best explained with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Biosorption occurs on the mullein surface via multilayer adsorption. The reusability of mullein showed that the native biosorbents can be reused five times, showing the economic and sustainable benefit of this low-cost biosorbent material.
In this study, the potential of the walnut shell as a biosorbent for biosorption of Cu(II), Pb(II), and As(III)/(V) ions from river water samples was investigated. The effects of various conditions of water samples such as the initial ion concentration, sample pH, and contact time at a constant temperature and biosorbent dosage, on biosorption of Cu(II), Pb(II), and As(III)/(V) were investigated. Walnut shells, as the material with a high potential for removal of investigated ions, have biosorption efficiency of up to 99.6%, under the applied experimental conditions. The best adsorption time was obtained at 4 h for Cu(II), Pb(II), and As(III)/(V) ions. The maximum removal of 97.6% (Cu(II)), 82.9% (Pb(II)), and 99.6% (As(III)/(V)) was obtained at pH=4.43, pH=8.55, and pH=7.84, respectively. Hence, the walnut shell shows potential of a cost-effective biosorbent that could be used for the treatment of contaminated rivers. However, further investigation is needed to fully explore this potential.