Observation on therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture plus acupoint-injection for nerve root sciatica
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Keywords:
Therapeutic effect
Diclofenac Sodium
Diclofenac
Systemic bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of topical diclofenac sodium gel 1% were compared with those of oral diclofenac sodium 50-mg tablets. In a randomized, 3-way crossover study, healthy volunteers (n = 40) received three 7-day diclofenac regimens: (A) 16 g gel applied as 4 g to 1 knee 4 times daily (4 g on surface area 400 cm(2)), (B) 48 g gel applied as 4 g per knee 4 times daily to 2 knees plus 2 g gel per hand applied 4 times daily to 2 hands (12 g on 1200 cm(2)), and (C) 150 mg oral diclofenac applied as 50-mg tablets 3 times daily. Thirty-nine participants completed all 3 regimens. Systemic exposure was greater with oral diclofenac (AUC(0-24), 3890 +/- 1710 ng x h/mL) than with topical treatments A (AUC(0-24), 233 +/- 128 ng x h/mL) and B (AUC(0-24), 807 +/- 478 ng x h/mL). Oral diclofenac inhibited platelet aggregation, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), and COX-2. Topical diclofenac did not inhibit platelet aggregation and inhibited COX-1 and COX-2 less than oral diclofenac. Treatment-related adverse events were mild and limited to application site reactions with diclofenac sodium gel 1% (n = 4) and gastrointestinal reactions with oral diclofenac (n = 3). Systemic exposure with diclofenac sodium gel 1% was 5- to 17-fold lower than with oral diclofenac. Systemic effects with topical diclofenac were less pronounced.
Diclofenac
Diclofenac Sodium
Crossover study
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Background: Various combinations of analgesics antipyretic drugs are available in the market for treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders and pain relief. Diclofenac and paracetamol combination is most commonly used combination and its rationality is questionable. The objective of this study was to compare the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of diclofenac, paracetamol and their combination. Methods: Experimental animals were divided into 4 different groups – control, diclofenac, paracetamol and their combination. Analgesic activity was compared by using tail-clip method in rats and writhing test in mice, anti-inflammatory activity was compared by carrageenan paw edema method using plethysmometer and anti-pyretic action was compared using TAB vaccine induced pyrexia and measuring the rectal temperature. Different doses of diclofenac (1mg/kg and 2mg/kg) and paracetamol (10mg/kg and 20mg/kg) used and same doses were used in combination group. Results: Diclofenac sodium (1mg/kg) showed significantly higher analgesic activity using tail-clip and writhing method compared to paracetamol (10mg/kg) (p<0.0001) and the combination group (p<0.05). Diclofenac sodium (2mg/kg) showed significantly higher analgesic activity using tail-clip and writhing method compared to paracetamol (20mg/kg) (p<0.0001) and the combination group (p<0.1). Diclofenac has no significant difference in anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced paw edema when compared to the combination group (p<0.1) for both doses. But diclofenac when compared to paracetamol for anti-inflammatory effect, it was highly significant (p<0.0001 and p<0.0004) for both doses at 1 st and 3 rd hour. Paracetamol 20mg/kg was superior antipyretic (p<0.05,0.01 and 0.01 ) when compared to the combination group at 1hr, 2hr and 3hr duration after injecting TAB vaccine. Conclusion: Diclofenac and paracetamol combination was either equal or inferior in all three activities studied as compared to the individual drugs.
Diclofenac
Diclofenac Sodium
Antipyretic
Anti-inflammatory
Carrageenan
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Diclofenac sodium is commonly used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and ant rheumatic agent. In addition to its beneficial effects diclofenac has also been reported to be associated with some adverse effects. In this study hematological effects of diclofenac sodium were studied. The drug was administered in six goats, in two phases with adequate wash out period of 21 days between each phase. In phase-1 diclofenac was administered in all animals with 2.5 mg/kg body weight and in phase-2 with 1 mg/kg dose rate. Blood parameters altered significantly only with the high dose (2.5 mg/kg) of diclofenac sodium. red blood cells was significant decrease (P<0.05) at 12 hours and hemoglobin (at 6 and 12 hours) was observed with the high dose of the drug. A significant increased P<0.05) was detected in WBCs count at 6, 12 and 24 hours post high dose of diclofenac. Granulocytes decreased significantly (P<0.05) at 6 and 12 hours post high dose administration. Monocytes and lymphocytes increased significantly (P<0.05) with high dose of diclofenac at 6,12,24,48 and at 12 and 24 hours respectively. Decreased (P<0.05) platelets count was marked at 12 and 24 hours post diclofenac administration. It has been concluded that high dose of diclofenac sodium significantly affect blood cell count and the effects are drug related and subside 72 hours post drug administration.
Diclofenac Sodium
Diclofenac
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Objectives: To evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of diclofenac potassium in patients after dental surgery. Methods: Eighty patients with moderate to severe pain following extraction of one impacted third molar were equally and randomly divided to receive diclofenac potassium or diclofenac sodium 50 mg tid po for 3 days. Results: The quick efficacy rates of diclofenac potassium or diclofenac sodium were 55% and 15% respectively, and the cure rates were 95% and 73% respectively. The quick efficacy rate and cure rate of diclofenac potassium were statistically superior to diclofenac sodium ( P 0.05). Side effect rates of diclofenac pota ssium and diclofenac sodium were 5% and 7.5% respectively. Conclusions: diclofenac potassium is an effective and safe agent for treatment of pain following dental surgery.
Diclofenac Sodium
Diclofenac
Cure rate
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The aim was to investigate diclofenac delivery into and across equine skin in vitro using Franz diffusion cells from a novel diclofenac epolamine ( DIC ‐ EP ; 1.3%) formulation and to compare the results to those of Surpass ® (1% diclofenac sodium liposomal cream) and a 1% aqueous solution of diclofenac sodium. Skin was harvested from the lower legs of Freiberger geldings immediately after slaughter and sliced to a thickness of ~2 mm. Skin samples were divided into two groups [Group 1: 1 year old ( n = 2) and Group 2: 6–8 years old ( n = 3)]. Cumulative permeation of diclofenac in Groups 1 and 2 after 24 h using diclofenac sodium solution was 1.91 ± 0.27 and 1.76 ± 0.34 μg/cm 2 , respectively. The values for Surpass ® and DIC ‐ EP were 3.2 ± 0.8/3.3 ± 0.7 μg/cm 2 and 230 ± 59/89.2 ± 32.5 μg/cm 2 , respectively. Thus, diclofenac permeation from DIC ‐ EP was significantly greater and appeared to show an age‐dependent effect. Mathematical modelling showed that the DIC ‐ EP formulation significantly increased diclofenac partitioning into the skin and a linear correlation was observed between steady‐state flux and the partition parameter. Greater skin deposition of diclofenac was also observed with DIC ‐ EP . These preliminary results suggest that the DIC ‐ EP formulation may be effective in treating inflammatory conditions in horses.
Diclofenac
Diclofenac Sodium
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common complaint that affects millions of people worldwide. As there is no cure for OA, drug treatment is the main form of management. This can be achieved through the use of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs such as the NSAID diclofenac sodium. The chronic use of diclofenac sodium can lead to adverse gastrointestinal problems. The use of a topical formulation of diclofenac sodium aims to reduce this problem. Evidence from four randomized controlled trails of the efficacy and safety of topical diclofenac sodium as a method of pain relief for the treatment of OA of the knee is presented and discussed. Findings imply that topical diclofenac sodium is an efficacious and safe method of pain control in patients with OA of the knee.
Diclofenac Sodium
Diclofenac
Knee pain
Drug reaction
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Objective: The aim of this study to analyze the different brands of diclofenac sodium. Diclofenac is a widely used analgesic, classified as Non steroidal anti inflammatory drug. In different clinical conditions such as acute or chronic pain and inflammation especially as in surgery, back pain, dysmenorrhea, renal and biliary colic as well as in postoperative and post-traumatic conditions, diclofenac sodium has been an effective analgesic agent. No one of the NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents is suitable drug for all patients requiring such therapy. Therefore it is important to choose best brand because different brands available in markeet. Method: In our present study different brands of Diclofenac Sodium are evaluated for weight variation, hardness and friability. Results: The results showed that all parameters (weight-variation, thickness, hardness, friability of different brands of Diclofenac Sodium, are in accordance with the BP/USP limits. Conclusion: We conclude that all drugs are in accordance with USP/BP therefore we can choose from any one of them for therapeutic purpose.
Diclofenac Sodium
Friability
Diclofenac
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The penetration enhancement of sodium diclofenac and diclofenac by alcohols with various alkyl chains (C8 to C14) was evaluated by the steady state flux of diclofenac through rat abdominal skin. Decanol showed the greatest effect in this series. A more remarkable enhancing effect of the alcohols was observed in sodium diclofenac than in diclofenac. Diclofenac can penetrate through the ethylene-vinyl acetate membrane as a lipoid model membrane, but sodium diclofenac can not. Decanol enhanced the penetration of phenol red being dependent on its concentration in the vehicle. Therefore, decanol may interact with lipoid components of the skin and increase the aqueous pathway in the skin. These results indicate that sodium diclofenac and diclofenac may be penetrated through partially different pathways.
Diclofenac Sodium
Diclofenac
Penetration (warfare)
Phenol red
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Sciatica has long been considered to be solely due to mechanical deformation (compression) of a spinal nerve root by herniating disc tissue. However, recent experimental findings have demonstrated that, even in the absence of mechanical insult, nucleus pulposus-related substances may not only induce significant structural and functional injury to the adjacent nerve root, but also sensitise the nerve root, producing pain in the event of subsequent root compression. Although neither the specific mechanisms nor the active nucleus pulposus-related substances causing pain have yet been identified, the recent findings suggest that the future may well bring new pharmacological treatment alternatives for sciatica and disc herniation.
Mechanical compression
Nerve Injury
Intervertebral disk
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