Synthesis and Larvicidal Activity of of α,β-Unsaturaded δ- Lactones against Aedes aegypti
Maria Ester de Sá B. BarrosJuliano Carlo Rufino FreitasDaniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz NavarroPaulo H. Menezes
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Abstract:
Mosquitoes pose the greatest threat to public health because of their ability to act as vectors of pathogens causing malaria, dengue, yellow fever, encephalitis and filariasis, which affect many millions of people all around the world. Of particular interest, Aedes aegypti is the vector for the arboviruses responsible for yellow fever and dengue fever, present in more than one hundred countries which threatens the health of approximately 2.5 billion people. Worldwide, around 80 million people are infected each year. Substituted α,β-unsaturatedd δ-lactones units are present in a large number of compounds isolated from plants and marine organisms. Representative examples are goniothalamin, and massoialactone (Fig. 1).Many of the vector-borne diseases that harm humans and animals are transmitted by mosquitos. Malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever and yellow fever are all transmitted by mosquitos. Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi are two mosquito species that are vectors. Yellow fever, dengue fever and chikungunya are all spread by Aedes aegypti, which is found across the tropical and subtropical zones. In India and other west Asian nations, A. stephensi is the predominant malaria vector. In both the Plectranthusamboinicus and Sphagneticolacalendulacea plant extracts, GC-MS analysis revealed 27 compounds. The mosquitocidal effectiveness of Plectranthusamboinicus and Sphagneticolacalendulacea ethyl acetate extracts against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi was investigated. Third and fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes stephensi were killed after 24 and 48 hours of treatment in control by 50, 100, 120, 140, 150, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300 and 350 ppm concentrations respectively. The plant extracts were screened to identify the phytochemical bioactive compounds. A. aegypti was found to be most susceptible than the other species. LC50 and LC90 values of ethyl acetate extract were calculated against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. The extracts of the plant showed potent larvicidal efficacy and can be considered for further investigation.
Anopheles stephensi
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Abstract The absence of urban yellow fever virus (YFV) in Bolivian cities has been attributed to the lack of competent urban mosquito vectors. Experiments with Aedes aegypti from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, demonstrated infection (100%), dissemination (20%), and transmission of a Bolivian YVF strain (CENETROP-322).
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SummaryReviewing the history of the epidemics of dengue and yellow fever, little or no evidence can be found that these diseases coexist freely. In their history dengue and yellow fever seemed to display a tendency toward mutual exclusiveness, consistent with the geographical and experimental evidence.
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Twenty-eight populations representing a worldwide distribution of Aedes aegypti were tested for their ability to become orally infected with yellow fever virus (YFV). Populations had been analyzed for genetic variations at 11 isozyme loci and assigned to one of 8 genetic geographic groups of Ae. aegypti. Infection rates suggest that populations showing isozyme genetic relatedness also demonstrate similarity to oral infection rates with YFV. The findings support the hypothesis that genetic variation exists for oral susceptibility to YFV in Ae. aegypti.
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In 1958, the Pan American Health Organization declared that Brazil had successfully eradicated the mosquito Aedes aegypti, responsible for the transmission of yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus. Yet in 2016 the Brazilian minister of health described the situation of dengue fever as "catastrophic." Discussing the recent epidemic of Zika virus, which amplified the crisis produced by the persistence of dengue fever, Brazil's president declared in January 2016 that "we are in the process of losing the war against the mosquito Aedes aegypti." I discuss the reasons for the failure to contain Aedes in Brazil and the consequences of this failure. A longue durée perspective favors a view of the Zika epidemic that does not present it as a health crisis to be contained with a technical solution alone but as a pathology that has the persistence of deeply entrenched structural problems and vulnerabilities.
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The recent yellow fever epidemic in Brazil has raised the concern of outbreaks in neighboring countries, particularly in the Caribbean region where the vector Aedes aegypti is predominant. This threat comes from the past when in the Americas, this disease caused devastating urban epidemics. We report the vector competence of Ae. aegypti from Guadeloupe for yellow fever virus by determining different parameters describing virus infection, dissemination, and transmission. The results indicate that Ae. aegypti Guadeloupe are susceptible to yellow fever virus with viral particles detected in mosquito saliva at 14 and 21 days post-infection. Local authorities and more broadly, international organizations should maintain the active surveillance of Aedes mosquitoes and the spreading of human cases from South America.
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The female yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), possesses approximately 100 tarsal hairs which stain at the tip when dye is applied to the external surface of the insect. The male has about 60 of these hairs. In both sexes the largest number occurs on the prothoracic tarsi and the smallest on the metathoracic. None were found elsewhere on the legs. The location and distribution of the hairs correlates well with the results of experimental work reported by earlier authors in which the sensitivity of the legs was tested to a variety of salt and sugar solutions. Little doubt now remains that the hairs with stainable tips are the tarsal gustatory receptors of the mosquito.
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The oral susceptibility to yellow fever virus was evaluated in 23 Aedes aegypti samples from Brazil. Six Ae. aegypti samples from Africa, America and Asia were also tested for comparison. Mosquito samples from Asia showed the highest infection rates. Infection rates for the Brazilian Ae. aegypti reached 48.6%, but were under 13% in 60% of sample tested. We concluded that although the low infection rates estimated for some Brazilian mosquito samples may not favor the establishment of urban cycle of yellow fever in some parts of the country, the founding of Ae. aegypti of noteworthy susceptibility to the virus in cities located in endemic and transition areas of sylvatic yellow fever, do pose a threat of the re-emergence of the urban transmission of the disease in Brazil.
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