Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of the Herbicide Methiozolin
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Abstract:
We investigated methiozolin acute toxicity using with Sprague-Dawley rats. The results of acute oral toxicity using rats showed value of over 2,000 mg/kg bw for methiozolin. The calculate acute dermal value of methiozolin was over 4,000 mg/kg. The skin irritation test showed moderately irritation and weak response of eye irritation test was observed in this experimental condition. According to these results, We concluded that methiozolin was Category IV in GHS chemical classification for acute toxicity. Future, we need more chronic toxicity test for safety.Keywords:
Eye irritation
Skin irritation
Chronic toxicity
Median lethal dose
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êµë´ 문íì¬ ì물í¼í´ ë°©ì ë ëì½ìì ì ëí ííì ì½ì 를 ì¬ì©íì¬ ìë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ì¸ì²´ì íê²½ì ëí ì í´ì± 문ì ë¡ ì¸íì¬ ì¬ì©ì´ ì ì°¨ ì íëê³ ìì¼ë©°, ìë¡ì´ ë°©ì ì½ì ì íìê³¼ ìì ì± ì°êµ¬ì ëí ê´ì¬ì´ ì§ìì ì¼ë¡ ì¦ê°ë ê³ ìë¤. ê°ë°ë ì²ì° ì물방ì ì ì ìì ì±ì ë물ì¤íì íµí ë ì±íê°ë¡ íì¸íê³ ìì¼ë©°, ì¹ì¬ëê³¼ ìê·¹ì± íê°ë¥¼ ìíì¬ ê²½êµ¬ë ì±, ê²½í¼ë ì±, ìì ë§ìê·¹ ë° í¼ë¶ìê·¹ ìíë²ì ì´ì©íì¬ ìì ì±ì íê°íë¤. ë ì±íê°ë¥¼ ìí´ ì¤íì© ì¥ì í ë¼ë¥¼ ì´ì©íë©°, ì¥ì ëí´ ë¨í 경구ë ì±ê³¼ ê²½í¼ë ì± ìíì ì¤ìíê³ , í ë¼ì ëí´ ìì ë§ìê·¹ìí ë° í¼ë¶ìê·¹ ìíì ìííë¤. 본 ìíì ì´ì©í ì²ì° ì물방ì 물ì§ì 목ì¬ë¶íê· ê³¼ í°ê°ë¯¸ì ëí íì§ê· íì± ë° ì´ì¶©íì±ì´ ì¡°ì¬ ë 족ë리í ì¶ì¶ë¬¼ì ì ì©íìë¤. ì¥ì ëí ë¨í 경구í¬ì¬í ê²°ê³¼ LD50 ê°ì´ ìì»· 4,000 mg/kg ì´ì, ìì»· 2,000 mg/kg ì´ìì¼ë¡ íì ëìì¼ë©°, ë¨í ê²½í¼ í¬ì¬í ê²°ê³¼ LD50 ê°ì´ ìì 모ë 10,000 mg/kg ì´ìì¼ë¡ íì ëìë¤. í ë¼ì ëì ëí ìê·¹ìíììë 무ìê·¹ì±ì¼ë¡ íì ëìì¼ë©°, í¼ë¶ì ëí´ìë ì½í ìê·¹ì±ì´ ìë 물ì§ë¡ íë¨ëìë¤. 본 ì°êµ¬ë¥¼ íµí´ ì²ì° ì물방ì 물ì§ì¸ 족ë리í ì¶ì¶ë¬¼ì ìì ì±ì ë물ì¤íì¼ë¡ íì¸í¨ì¼ë¡ì¨ íí 물ì§ì ìì ì± ê²ì¦ì ìí 기본ì ì¸ ì í´ì± íê° ë°©ë²ì¼ë¡ ì ìíê³ ì íë¤. ì¤ì¬ì´: ì²ì° ì물방ì 물ì§, 경구ë ì±, ê²½í¼ë ì±, í¼ë¶ìê·¹ìí, ìì ì±
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Sulfur mustard (HD) undergoes hydrolysis to form various products such as thiodiglycol (TG) in biological and environmental systems. TG is a precursor in the production of HD and it is also considered as a “Schedule 2” compound (dual-use chemicals with low to moderate commercial use and high-risk precursors). Several toxicological studies on TG were conducted to assess environmental and health effects. The oral LD 50 values were >5000 mg/kg in rats. It was a mild skin and moderate ocular irritant and was not a skin sensitizer in animals. It was not mutagenic in Ames Salmonella, Escherichia coli, mouse lymphoma, and in vivo mouse micronucleus assays, but it induced chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells. A 90-day oral subchronic toxicity study with neat TG at doses of 0, 50, 500, and 5000 mg/kg/day (5 days/week) in Sprague-Dawley rats results show that there are no treatment-related changes in food consumption, hematology, and clinical chemistry in rats of either sex. The body weights of both sexes were significantly lower than controls at 5000 mg/kg/day. Significant changes were also noted in both sexes in absolute weights of kidneys, kidney to body weight ratios, and kidney to brain weight ratios, in the high-dose group. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for oral toxicity was 500 mg/kg/day. The developmental toxicity conducted at 0, 430, 1290, and 3870 mg/kg by oral gavage showed maternal toxicity in dams receiving 3870 mg/kg. TG was not a developmental toxicant. The NOAEL for the developmental toxicity in rats was 1290 mg/kg. The provisional oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.4 mg/kg/day was calculated for health risk assessments. The fate of TG in the environment and soil showed biological formation of thiodiglycalic acid with formation of an intermediate ((2-hydroxyethyl)thio)acetic acid. It was slowly biodegraded under anaerobic conditions. It was not toxic to bluegill sunfish at 1000 mg/L and its metabolism and environmental and biochemical effects are summarized.
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Chromium(III) is an essential trace element required for normal protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. It also helps in energy production and increasing lean body mass. Chromium(III) dinicocysteinate (CDNC) is a unique form of bioavailable chromium(III). This study was focused on determining the broad spectrum safety of CDNC. Acute oral, acute dermal, primary dermal and eye irritation studies, Ames’ bacterial reverse mutation assay, mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, and a 90-day dose-dependent oral toxicity study were conducted. Acute oral and dermal LD50 of CDNC was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg in Sprague-Dawley rats. A primary skin irritation study in New Zealand Albino rabbits demonstrated CDNC as slightly irritating. An eye irritation study exhibited that CDNC is moderately irritating. Ames’ bacterial reverse mutation assay and mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test demonstrated CDNC as non-mutagenic. A dose-dependent 90-day oral toxicity study demonstrated no significant toxicity of CDNC. Body weight, food and water consumption, selected organ weights (expressed as percentages of body or brain weights), ocular health, hematology, blood chemistry, and histopathology showed no abnormal changes. Clinical and histopathological evaluation of CDNC identified a dose level of 5.7 mg/kg/day as the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). Overall, these results demonstrate the broad spectrum safety of CDNC.
Ames test
No-observed-adverse-effect level
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Phytochemical
Mangifera
Anacardiaceae
Median lethal dose
Lethal dose
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LI85008F is a novel synergistic composition of Moringa oleifera, Murraya koenigi, and Curcuma longa. These herbs are well recognized and widely used in ayurvedic system of medicine for treating a variety of diseases and are also have been used for culinary purposes for thousands of years. LI85008F inhibits preadipocyte differentiation and potentiates lipid breakdown in mature adipocytes. In diet-induced obese rats, LI85008F significantly reduced weight gain and improved serum adiponectin levels. These findings motivated the authors to determine the broad-spectrum safety of LI85008F. Acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, primary skin irritation, primary eye irritation, and dose-dependent 28-day sub-acute toxicity studies were conducted. The acute oral LD50 of LI85008F was greater than 5000 mg/kg in female SD rats and no changes in body weight or adverse effects were observed following necropsy. Acute dermal LD50 of LI85008F was greater than 2000 mg/kg. LI85008F was classified as non-irritating to skin in a primary dermal irritation study conducted using New Zealand Albino rabbits. LI85008F caused minimal irritation to eyes in a primary eye irritation test conducted on New Zealand Albino rabbits. A dose-dependent 28-day sub-acute toxicity study demonstrated no significant changes in selected organ weights. Evaluations on hematology, clinical chemistry, and histopathology did not show any significant adverse changes. The NOAEL of LI85008F was found to be greater than 2500 mg/kg body weight. These results demonstrate the broad spectrum safety of LI85008F in animal models.
No-observed-adverse-effect level
Median lethal dose
Histopathology
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To study the acute toxicity of outlet water of new technology from a sewage treatment plant in Zhengzhou City, and provide scientific basis for safety evaluation of municipal sewage reuse.Based on procedures and tests for toxicological evaluations of chemicals (GBZ/T 240-2011), the acute oral toxicity test, the acute dermal toxicity test, the acute eye irritation test, the skin irritation and sensitization tests were conducted on advanced treatment outlet water.The LD50 of outlet water of new technology in female mice and male mice were 6810 and 4220 mg/kg BW in the acute oral toxicity test respectively, and the former was actually no grade toxicity, the latter was low grade toxicity. The LD50 in female rats and male rats were 6810 and 5620 mg/kg BW in the acute dermal toxicity test respectively, and both were no grade toxicity. Advanced treatment outlet water could damage the rabbit cornea and conjunctiva differently, IAOI was 28, and MIOI was less than 20 after seven days, so advanced treatment outlet water had middle irritation for the rabbit cornea and conjunctiva. The mean value of skin irritation was 0, so it had no irritation for guinea pigs. The mean value of skin sensitization was 0, so it had no sensitization for guinea pigs.Outlet water of new technology is reused by reducing the chances of contracting it with the mouth and eyes, and has no skin irritation and skin sensitization.
Eye irritation
Skin irritation
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Aim:To test the acute oral and dermal toxicity, the skin and eye irritability, and the dermal delayed hypersensitivity reactions of triacontanol, and to provide data for using triacontanol safely.Methods:All of tests including the acute oral and dermal toxicity, eye,skin,and the dermal delayed hypersensitivity reaction were based on the Chinese standards of toxicological test methods of pesticides for registration.Results: The LD50 of triacontanol were over 5 000 mg/kg by oral and over 2 000 mg/kg by skin in rats. The highest index of ophthalmol irritation was 4 in rabbits. The mean index of ophthalmol irritation was 0 after 48 h in rabbits. The skin irritability index was 0 in guinea pigs,and the sensitization ratio was 0 in guinea pigs.Conclusion: The acute oral and dermal toxicity of triacontanol is low, and it is a weak sensitizer,which is safe for human being and domestic animals.
Triacontanol
Skin irritation
Irritability
Skin reaction
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Aim: To evaluate the safety of nicosulfuron.Methods:All of tests including the acute oral and dermal toxicity,eye and skin and the dermal delayed hypersensitivity reaction were performed based on the Chinese standards of toxicological test methods of pesticides for registration.Results:The LD50 of acute oral and dermal toxicity test of nicosulfuron was 5 000 mg/kg and 2 000 mg/kg,respectively.There were no skin irritability in guinea pigs and eye irritability in rabbits.It is a weak sensitizer.Conclusion:Nicosulfuron is safe for human being and domestic animals.
Irritability
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Inhalation exposure
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