Characterization and thermodynamics of Al2O3-MnO-SiO2(-MnS) inclusion formation in carbon steel billet
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Liquid steel
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Significance Seismic studies revealed that shear wave ( S wave) travels through the inner core at an anomalously low speed, thus challenging the notion of its solidity. Here we show that for the candidate inner core component Fe 7 C 3 , shear softening associated with a pressure-induced spin-pairing transition leads to exceptionally low S -wave velocity ( v S ) in its low-spin and nonmagnetic phase. An Fe 7 C 3 -dominant inner core would match seismic observations and imply a major carbon reservoir in Earth’s deepest interior.
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Since the discovery of the inner core in 1936, no additional spherical subshell of the Earth has been observed. Based on an extensive seismic data set, we propose the existence of an innermost inner core, with a radius of approximately 300 km, that exhibits a distinct transverse isotropy relative to the bulk inner core. Specifically, within the innermost inner core, the slowest direction of wave propagation is approximately 45 degrees from the east-west direction. In contrast, the direction of the slowest wave propagation in the overlying inner core is east-west. The distinct anisotropy at the center of the Earth may represent fossil evidence of a unique early history of inner-core evolution.
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A first principles theoretical approach shows that, at the density of the inner core, both hexagonal [hexagonal close-packed (hcp)] and cubic [face-centered-cubic (fcc)] phases of iron are substantially elastically anisotropic. A forward model of the inner core based on the predicted elastic constants and the assumption that the inner core consists of a nearly perfectly aligned aggregate of hcp crystals shows good agreement with seismic travel time anomalies that have been attributed to inner core anisotropy. A cylindrically averaged aggregate of fcc crystals disagrees with the seismic observations.
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This paper reviewed the recent results concerning the Earth's inner core, as inferred from seismological observations. The claim that the inner core is differently rotating is under debate. Souriau and Song Xiaodong have respectively estimated rotation speed as (0±0.2)°/a and (0.15-1.1)°/a. The eastern hemisphere is less anisotropic than the western hemisphere in the uppermost several hundred kilometers of the inner core, namely, the hemispherical pattern is well observed. According to some results, it is nearly isotropic in the top of the inner core, but significantly anisotropic in the rest of the inner core. These observations lead to an inner core model with a transition zone to uniformly explain both radial variation and lateral variation in anisotropy data. Based on an extensive seismic data set, an innermost inner core, with a radius of nearly 300 km, was found, and within it the anisotropy is stronger than outside. Thereby, a new structure model of the Earth′s inner core was suggested as to include an upper inner core, a transition\|zone, a lower inner core and an innermost inner core. The specific studies of Q\|value reveal high velocity regions correspond to that of high wave attenuation in the inner core, however, the positive correlation between velocity and attenuation is different from the opposite in the mantle. A few attempts have been made to investigate the propagation and attenuation of S\|wave inside the inner core, although it is a very hard project.
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In the pursuit of ever more energy-dense and longer lasting Li-ion batteries, the electrolyte is still an area of intense research. A good choice of electrolyte can make or break the long-term performance of a cell. This paper highlights various advances in electrolyte development and evaluation that have been made in the last several years. Blends of electrolyte additives that give superior capacity retention over several thousand cycles, as well as new formulations of electrolyte solvents to achieve higher charging rates and higher voltage operation are presented. The Advanced Electrolyte Model, a theoretical model for the calculation of electrolyte properties, is presented as an effective way to determine the transport properties of a diverse array of electrolyte systems thus speeding electrolyte development.
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