CO2–water–rock interactions in low-salinity reservoir systems
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These experiments were carried out in the marine culture breeding field of Haiwei,Leizhou,from May to June of 2013.In the condition of controlled sea salinity,the effects of salinity on the growth and survival of Pinctada margaritifera larvae and juveniles are studied.The results show that the suitable salinity for the survival of Straight larvae is 22.85 – 38.86,the most suitable salinity is 27.19 – 35.02;the suitable salinity of growth is 20.43 – 41.23,and the most suitable salinity is 31.10.the suitable salinity for survival of D larvaeis 23.10 – 39.14,and the most suitable salinity is 27.19 – 35.02;the suitable salinity for growth is 20.29 – 40.09,and the most suitable salinity is 31.10 – 35.02.the suitable salinity for the survival of juvenils is 20.64 – 39.10,the most suitable salinity is 27.19 – 35.02;the suitable salinity for growth is 19.38 – 41.30and the most suitable salinity is 27.19 – 31.10..
Temperature salinity diagrams
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The effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of the red tide dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum were examined under the laboratory conditions.Exposed in 28 different combinations of temperature(15～30 ℃) and salinity(0～35),G.instriatum was exhibited the maximum growth at a combination of 20 ℃ and a salinity of 25.The optimum growth was observed at temperatures ranging from 20 to 25 ℃ and at salinities from 20 to 25.The resistance to low and high temperatures was increased under optimum salinity and vice versa.The organism could not grow at the salinity of 0 at all temperatures,but grew at the salinity of 10 at temperatures between 20 and 25 ℃.It is noteworthy that G.instriatum is an euryhaline organism and can live under low salinity.It might be the important reason why its blooms generally occurred in the estuaries with low salinity.
Euryhaline
Temperature salinity diagrams
Dinoflagellate
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Magma emplacement in the upper crust is often associated with crustal extension, whereby space for intrusions is made by dilation along transtensive and strike‐slip faults. The lenticular shape of several intrusions indicates that a further mechanism for magma intrusion is laccolith emplacement with roof uplift of the overburden. Additionally, melts exploit rheological discontinuities (e.g., sedimentary layering) during their ascent. We present an emplacement model for intrusion of the shallow level Gavorrano Granite (northern Apennine, Italy), which is located at the core of an open anticline. The shape of the intrusion and structural features of the host rocks are indicative of a synkinematic emplacement in a growing thrust anticline. Space was provided by the opening of dilatation zones at the core of anticline as a consequence of different amounts of translation between hanging wall and footwall units which were separated by evaporitic rocks. These evaporitic units acted as major décollement layers. Analog models provide results in good agreement with the structural setting of the anticline and emphasize the possibility that melts filled the dilatation zone, with the décollement layers further facilitating intrusion.
Anticline
Décollement
Layering
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The salinity tolerance of Huangxuan No.1 Portunus trituberculatus was investigated in controlled temporary water by including sudden and gradual changes in salinity. The results showed that the LD50 values of crab larvae at Stage Ⅱ for 24h,48h,72h tolerance to low-salinity were 21.655,22.109,23.184,respectively, and for tolerance to high-salinity were 50.711,50.061,49.612 respectively.The LD50 values of 80-day crabs for 24,48,72h tolerance to low-salinity were 5.13,7.49,8.56,respectively,and for tolerance to high-salinity were 54.49,52.74,52.21 respectively. Crab larvae at Stage Ⅱ can survive in 6.7 low-salinity water by gradual salinity decrease,and can survive in 47.7 high-salinity water by gradual salinity increase.While 80-day crabs can survive in 5.7 low-salinity water by gradual salinity decrease,and can survive in 47.7 high-salinity water by gradual salinity increase. Therefore,Huangxuan No.1 P. trituberculatus has a strong salinity tolerability.
Portunus trituberculatus
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Tolerance of young fish of large yellow croaker,Larimichthys crocea,under different low salinity conditions were studied by performing experiments of acute and gradient salinity changing.The young large yellow croaker had low lethality rates within the first 72 h after they were transferred directly from sea water(salinity of 27.2) to water with salinity from 3 to 24.A survival rate of 72% was calculated within the first 72 h after they were transferred directly from sea water to water with salinity of 2.The deaths began at 3 h after transfer and the majority of the fish had died within 24 h after they were transferred directly from sea water to water with salinity of 1;afterwards all of the fish had died within 6 h after they were transferred directly from sea water to fresh water.While the young fish of large yellow croaker were transferred directly from sea water to water with salinity of 6 and after then the water salinity declined with different speeds,their mortality had no significant difference with the results in the experiments of acute salinity changing when the water salinity was higher than 3,and their mortality was lower than that of the experiments of acute salinity changing when the water salinity was below 2.The results showed that in fact young fish of large yellow croaker are able to tolerant certain level of low salinity stress.
Fresh water
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Under the water temperature that ranges between 28.6 and 29.5℃ and pH 8.2,the growth and survival of Hemifusus tuba juveniles [shells high(19.5±1.23) mm,weight(661.4±48.6) mg] at different salinity were studied.The goal is to find out the range of optimal survival salinity and optimal growth salinity to H.tuba juveniles by two-point method.The results show that the suitable survival salinity and optimal survival salinity are 17.7‰ 40.8‰ and 25.1‰ 35.9‰,and that the growth suitable salinity and growth optimal salinity were 17.5 39.9‰ and 27.8 33.2‰,respectively.In the range of growth optimal salinity,the average daily growth rate of shells and weight were 0.358 0.397 mm.d 1 and 44.64 49.09 mg.d 1,respectively.The survival rate and the average daily growth rate of shells fell obviously when the range of salinity optimal survival salinity was exceeded.Moreover,the tolerance of salinity by H.tuba Juvenile was related to the original environmental salinity.The survival rate was 84.0% in 72h when the juveniles were adapted for 20d in the salinity of 17.0‰ and then transported to the salinity of 14.0‰,and the survival rate was 96.0% when the juveniles were adapted for 20d in the salinity of then transported to the salinity of 45.0‰.However,the survival rates were 8.0% and zero in 72h when the juveniles were transported from the salinity of 30.5‰ to 14.0‰ and 45.0‰,respectively.Both the suitable range and the tolerance of salinity can be increased when the juvenile was domesticated in gradually changing conditions.
Temperature salinity diagrams
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This paper reported the experiment on the intake,growth and survival of Babylonia aerolata(mean body weight=0.27g,mean shell length=11.2mm) fed with Loligo oshimai under different salinity in small water volume conditions.The results showed that optimat salinity for B.aerolata was higher than 21 and the survival salinity was higher than 15.In the salinity range from 21 to 33,the daily rate of feeding by B.aerolata was 10.2%～11.6%,the daily growth in body weight and in shell length were 11.3～12.0mg and 123.1～141.9μm respectively.When the salinity decreased gradually to 15,the intake and the growth of B.aerolata were notably influenced.Assigning the salinity 29 as the starting and end point of salinity which suddenly changed,the lowst salinity was higher than 21 and 18 respectively,in which the intake and the growth of B.aerolata were not influenced by the low salinity,when the salinity suddenly decreased from 29 to a lower salinity and suddenly increased from a lower salinity to 29.
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The influence of salinity on the growth of Phaeocystis globosa was studied.Ten salinity levels were designed for the experiment.The results showed that the adaptable salinity was between 8～32psu.The growth rates were increased with the salinity adding,and the optimal salinity for the algae growth was 16 psu.On the contrary,the algae's growth was limited when the salinity was lower than 8 psu or higher than 32 psu.However,the Phaeocystis globosa can survived even at 0 psu salinity conditions.Furthermore,cell surface topography for different salinity was compared at 0 psu and 36 psu respectively by AFM.The result showed that the cell size of the former was bigger than that of the latter at the corresponding period.Besides,the cell surface of the latter was obviously dented.
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When temperature and PH ranged between 26.8-31.8℃,7.8-8.1 respectively,studying effectss of various seawater salinities on growth and survival of juveniles of Lutraria sieboldii were investigated by adopting indoor control measures,by setting ten salinity gradients ranged between 12.8-37.1.The results showed that the salinity suitable for survival is 19.8~33.8,of which the optimum is 26.3-31.7,the salinity suitable for growth is 21.9-33.7,of which the optimum is 26.3-29.0,the suitable survival salinity is 19.8-33.8,the optimum survival salinity is 26.3-31.7,the suitable growth salinity is 21.9-33.7,the optimum growth salinity is 26.3-29.0.
Adaptability
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Temperature salinity diagrams
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