The metabolic syndrome of fructose-fed rats: response to dietary ω3 and ω6 fatty acids
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We explored, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics and fatty acids profiling, the effects of a common nutritional complement, Curcuma longa, at a nutritionally relevant dose with human use, administered in conjunction with an unbalanced diet. Indeed, traditional food supplements have been long used to counter metabolic impairments induced by unbalanced diets. Here, rats were fed either a standard diet, a high level of fructose and saturated fatty acid (HFS) diet, a diet common to western countries and that certainly contributes to the epidemic of insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, or a HFS diet with a Curcuma longa extract (1% of curcuminoids in the extract) for ten weeks. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) on the serum NMR profiles and fatty acid composition (determined by GC/MS) showed a clear discrimination between HFS groups and controls. This discrimination involved metabolites such as glucose, amino acids, pyruvate, creatine, phosphocholine/glycerophosphocholine, ketone bodies and glycoproteins as well as an increase of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and a decrease of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Although the administration of Curcuma longa did not prevent the observed increase of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and insulin levels, discriminating metabolites were observed between groups fed HFS alone or with addition of a Curcuma longa extract, namely some MUFA and n-3 PUFA, glycoproteins, glutamine, and methanol, suggesting that curcuminoids may act respectively on the fatty acid metabolism, the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and alcohol oxidation. Curcuma longa extract supplementation appears to be beneficial in these metabolic pathways in rats. This metabolomic approach highlights important serum metabolites that could help in understanding further the metabolic mechanisms leading to IR.
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Malic enzyme
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Background: Diets high in fructose may result in abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism. Purpose: To investigate the effects of a high‐fructose diet on liver fatty acid composition. Methods: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into two groups: a control group (n=5) receiving standard chow diet, and treatment group (n=7) receiving a diet containing 10% w/w lard and 60% w/w fructose for 20 weeks. Fatty acid profile of various lipid fractions in the liver of these animals was characterized. Results: Total liver lipids including cholesterol and triacyglycerol (TAG) were significantly higher in the treated group as compared to controls. The livers from treated animals had significantly lower levels of C16:0 and higher levels of C18:1 in the TAG fraction, and lower levels of C18:1c11, C18:2c9, C20:1c11, C20:1c13 along with higher levels of C16:1 and C18:1c9 in the free fatty acid fraction. The levels of C16:0, C18:2c9, C20:1c11, C20:1c13, C20:2c11 and C24:0 were significantly increased in the phosholipid fraction of the treated animals. Conclusions: High intakes of fructose change liver lipid composition and fatty acid profile in rats. TAG and phospholipid fractions seem to be affected more. These changes may lead to alterations in hepatocyte functions including lipid metabolism and may modify cardiovascular risk.
Lipid Profile
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The present series of experiments aim mainly at investigating the possible influence of changes in the com-position of dietary lipids (sunflower oil, salmon oil, safflower oil) upon the metabolic syndrome found in rats exposed to a fructose-rich diet. For purpose of comparison, a control group of rats received the sunflower oil diet with substitution of fructose by starch. An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, performed after overnight starvation fifty days after the start of the experiments at the 6th week after birth, indicated, as expected, impaired tolerance to glucose and deterioration of insulin sensitivity (HOMA index), without changes in the insulinogenic index, when comparing the fructose-fed rats to the starch-fed rats both exposed to the sunflower oil diet. In the fructose-fed rats, enrichment of the diet by long-chain polyunsaturated ω3 fatty acids supplied by salmon oil, a modest improvement of insulin sensitivity was opposed, in term of glucose homeostasis, by a decreased secretory response to glucose of insulin-producing cells. Last, in the fructose-fed rats, the partial substitution of sunflower oil by safflower oil rich in long-chain polyunsaturated ω6 fatty acids further deteriorated glucose homeostasis, with a higher mean HOMA index and a severe decrease of the insulinogenic index. These findings justify further investigations on such items as the time course for changes in metabolic and hormonal variables and both the metabolic and secretory responses of isolated pancreatic islets to selected nutrient secretagogues.
Sunflower oil
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Homeostasis
Glucose tolerance test
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It was hypothesised that blackcurrant seed oil beneficially modulates metabolic disorders related to obesity and its complications. The study also aimed to investigate the potentially adverse effects of an unbalanced diet on the distal intestine.Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups of eight animals each and were fed a basal or obesogenic (high in fat and low in fibre) diet that contained either rapeseed oil (Canola) or blackcurrant seed oil. A two-way analysis of variance was then applied to assess the effects of diet and oil and the interaction between them.After 8 weeks, the obesogenic dietary regimen increased the body weight, altered the plasma lipid profile and increased the liver fat content and the plasma transaminase activities. In addition, the obesogenic diet decreased bacterial glycolytic activity and short-chain fatty acid formation in the distal intestine. Dietary blackcurrant seed oil improved the lipid metabolism by lowering liver fat accumulation and the plasma triglyceride concentration and atherogenicity as well by increasing the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration. However, in rats fed an obesogenic diet containing blackcurrant seed oil, the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was comparable with both rapeseed oil-containing diets, and a significant elevation of the plasma transaminase activities was noted instead.The obesogenic dietary regimen causes a number of metabolic disorders, including alterations in the hindgut microbial metabolism. Dietary blackcurrant seed oil ameliorates the lipid metabolism; however, the beneficial effect is restricted when it is provided together with the obesogenic diet, and a risk of liver injury may occur.
Basal (medicine)
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