Evidence for Alpha2 Adrenergic Receptors in Bovine Cerebral Arteries
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We used to pay close attention to β_1-adrenergic receptors or β_2-adrenergic receptors between β-adrenergic receptors and heart disease in earlier period,while the study of β_3-receptors was restricted to metabolic disease.The excited β_3-receptors have been described to mediate negative inotropic effects at heart failure in the last years.This article was to give a brief clarification about β_3-receptors and heart disease.
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
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Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
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Beta-adrenergic receptors have been subdivided into three types: beta1-, beta2- and beta3-adrenergic receptors. beta1-adrenergic receptors are predominant in the heart, beta2-adrenergic receptors--in the respiratory system, and beta3-adrenergic receptors--in the adipose tissues. However, since 1989, when beta3-adrenergic receptor was cloned, numerous biochemical and functional studies have confirmed its presence in various species and tissues, including the heart. Unlike beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors, it has been shown that beta3-adrenergic receptors possess the cardiodepressant effects in human ventricles, what did not fit to its stimulatory properties of adenylyl cyclase in other tissues. In this regard, the role of beta3-adrenergic receptors in the regulation of cardiac function may be of great importance in pathological conditions and remains undetermined, so far. In this review brief characterization of beta3-adrenergic receptors, concerning their structure, function and possible pathophysiological role is provided.
Class C GPCR
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
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Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
Class C GPCR
β2 adrenergic receptor
Sympathetic nervous system
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Physiologic and pharmacologic studies provide the present basis for the classification of alpha-adrenergic receptors (Langer, 1974; Berthelsen and Pettinger, 1977; Wikberg, 1978; Starke, 1981). This classification calls for the existence of discrete alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors with the extant possibility of further subdivision among the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (Cheung et al., 1982; McGrath and Reid, 1985; Bylund, 1985). Until recently, demonstrating the actual physical existence of the unique macromole-cules representing these alpha-adrenergic receptor subtypes has proved elusive. The difficulty in studying their biochemistry is primarily because most membrane-bound hormone receptors, including alpha-adrenergic receptors, are present only at very low concentrations in the cells of target tissues (i.e., frequently less than 0.001% of the total cellular protein). Therefore, a sensitive and reliable means of quantifying receptor activity was required before the biochemical characterization and purification of alpha-adrenergic receptors could progress. The means for the direct measurement of alpha-adrenergic receptor activity was acquired in 1976 with the development of [3H]dihydroergocryptine ([3H]DHE, Williams and Lefkowitz, 1976).
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
Alpha (finance)
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
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By means of Falck's and Koelle's methods adrenergic and cholinergic structures were studied in the arteries in the cerebral basis of blue rock pigeons and of hens, white leghorn stock. The number of nerve transmitters was estimated per 1 mm2 of the vessel surface. The arteries of the basis in pigeon brain are surrounded with developed adrenergic and cholinergic nerve plexuses, their density decreasing in the following order: nasal branch of the internal carotid artery, middle, nasal cerebral and basilar arteries. A little more cholinergic transmitters occur on the middle cerebral artery, while on the other vessels, concentration of cholinergic and adrenergic fibers is equal. In hens, the density in the arrangement of adrenergic nerve transmitters is higher in the nasal branch of the internal carotid and in the nasal cerebral arteries than in the basilar artery. At the same time, chromaffin cells forming numerous conglomerations in some places are found on the latter. In pigeons, the density of adrenergic fibers arrangement on the arteries of the cerebral basis is higher than in hens.
Cholinergic Fibers
Cerebral circulation
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Adrenergic influence on iris pigmentation in newborn pigmented rabbits was studied. Selective adrenergic antagonists were used topically to determine whether they could inhibit iris pigmentation. Unilateral, topical administration of an alpha-adrenergic antagonist (thymoxamine hydrochloride 1/2%) was not associated with iris hypochromia. Adrenergic influence on iris stromal melanogenesis appears to be mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors.
IRIS (biosensor)
Adrenergic antagonist
Alpha (finance)
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The relation between the density of beta receptors on myocardial cells and lymphocytes and the pathologic change of myocardium in hypertensive-diabetic (HD) rats in various stages during development of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) was investigated and the alteration of lymphocytic beta receptors in 20 patients with DCM was also studied. The results showed that the density of beta receptors on lymphocytes in the patients with class I-II cardiac status appeared to be in up regulation. The same was found with the receptors on lymphocytes and myocardial cells in HD rats at early stage. Conversely, the receptors were in down regulation on lymphocytes in DCM patients with class III-IV cardiac status and the same with those on lymphocytes and myocardial cells in HD rats at late stage. The changes of the receptors on lymphocytes and myocardial cells in the rats and the patients were quite parallel. Up regulation of beta receptors happened earlier than the pathologic changes in the myocardium in HD rats. Thus, the changes of lymphocytic beta receptors did reflect the behaviour of the receptors on myocardial cells with these data, it is reasonable to use beta blocker at early stage in patients with DCM so as to slow down the disease process.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
BETA (programming language)
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