Combining ability of some newly developed lines of pearlmillet
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A line X tester analysis of general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) for five characters in the local variety Jakharana and seven new male-sterile lines ( female ) crossed with twelve fertility-restoring inbreds ( male ) of Pennisetum americanum indicated that both additive (GCA) and nonadditive (SCA) genetic variances were significant, the GCA variances being higher except for ear weight. The new male-sterile lines 5141A and 5054A, both resistant to Sclerospora graminicola, had the best GCA for grain yield and ear weight. Among the pollinators, H4030, H90 and H120 had the best GCAKeywords:
Pennisetum
Male fertility
Inbred strain
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Thirty combinations were made between 3 inbred lines and corresponding improved inbred lines involving tropical maize germplasm as female parents and 5 inbred lines from other places as male parents with NC Ⅱ mating design to analyze the combining abilities of 10 agronomic characters.The results indicated that:① inbred line4Shad higher general combining ability(GCA) in 100 grain weight and yield per plant,and the combinations made by 4S as female parent had better stability in yield;②75 and 249 were of higher value in dwarf breeding;③improved inbred lines had higher GCA in plant height,ear height,ear width and rachis width than their corresponding inbred lines,while other agronomic characters performed differently according to their genetic background;④most of the agronomic characters of the combinations were affected by both parents′ GCA and SCA,and selection of the combinations with higher yield should be given consideration to both GCA and SCA.
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Germ plasm
Mating design
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NC-Ⅱ design was adopted to study the combining ability of the yield- contributing characters of 12 inbred lines of maize developed by the institute. Significant differences were observed in the general combining ability (GCA) of the characters studies among the parent lines. GCA of most yield-contributing characters of Mian 689, Mian 112, Mian 196 and Mian 906 were shown to be favorable for improving seed yield. Variance in specific combining ability (SCA) of some parent lines was significant and they are recommended as basic materials for improving or selecting inbreds. Analysis of the genetic parameters showed that GCA of yield per plant and yield per plot were (highly) significantly correlated with GCA of ear length, ear diameter, kernels per ear and 1000-kernel-weight.
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Sixteen maize inbred lines were used in an 8×8 incomplete diallel cross experiment to form 64 cross combinations and their general combining ability(GCA),special combing ability(SCA) and genetic parameters of 14 agronomic traits were recorded,including plant height,ear height,growth duration,ear length,kernels per ear,grain yield per plot.The results showed that the GCA and SCA of all the agronomic traits studied were significantly high and were controlled mainly by additive genes.Considered comprehensively,7 inbred lines(561,B603-6-1,8954,4781tl41,268,549 and 478C4) had relatively good GCA characters and they would be useful in developing the crosses with strong heterosis.Cluster analysis divided the 16 maize inbred lines into 6 groups,i.e.① 549 and 8954;② 268,478C4,Dong4011,N7931 and 478G;③ 4781tl41 and Su11;④ 561 and B603-6-1;⑤ WJ01,Shi79 and 1058;and(6) Ji1037 and 200H.
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Combining ability studies, using Method 2 and Model I (P's and F1’s) and Method 4, Model I (only F1’s), were carried out for grain yield and its components in a 10 × 10 diallel set excluding reciprocals in pearl-millet. The estimates of both the combining ability variances (σ2 gca and σ2 sca) were highly significant for all the six characters studied. Boh the methods gave similar estimates of general combining ability and specific combining ability effects. The magnitude of GCA: SCA ratio in the F1 and F2 generations was low in Method 2 and high in Method 4. High GCA: SCA ratio revealed preponderance of additive genetic variance for all the grain characters studied. Significant association between array means and general combining ability effects suggested that the former could be used effectively in the selection of good combiners. Inbreds H-19 and H-403 showed better combining ability for most of the six characters studied. H-80 was particularly good combiner for characters like earliness and ear diameter. The best crosses for grain yield were H-19 × H-403, H-19 × H-30, H-19 × H-126 and H-80 × H-224. Among these, the first two crosses involved good general combining parents. H-19 × H-403 also appeared to be a promising cross for characters like resistance to downy mildew, ear number, ear length, and earliness and thus, appeared to be the best among all. Its exploitation in varietal breeding programme, using bi-parental approach to accumulate more of additive genetic variance is, therefore, advocated.
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With nine corn inbred lines which came from different sources, according to the design of diallel cross, authors have studied the GCA, SCA and hereditary parameter of seven agronomy characters. The result showed that; (a) The additive variation was principal in plant height, ear height, ear length, ear width and rows/ear while non-additive variation was greater in 100-kernel weight and yield;(b) The GCA and SCA effects were independent each other, which suggested that it was essential to make use of GCA and SCA in the selection of high-yield combination; Among the experiment materials, S9906 was high GCA self-line, S9906×Mo17 was higher SCA hybridized combination.
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Data are tabulated on general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects for yield/plant, 1000-grain weight and 3 plant characters studied in a diallel cross, excluding reciprocals, of 6 lines. GCA and SCA effects were significant for all traits. E35-1 was the best combiner among the parents. E35-1 X Vidisha 60-1 and E35-1 X GJ108 were identified as desirable crosses for grain yield and 1000-grain weight, respectively
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To probe the ways to increase genetic variance of corn germplasm, seven inbred lines from US and other seven inbred lines from Yunnan were tested by NC-II mating design using 9 characteristics to study their combining ability and heterosis. The results showed that for HQPSSS general combining ability (GCA) of plant height, ear height, kernels per row and plant yield were significantly positive. GCA of a thousand kernels weight was positive. GCA of stem diameter, ear length and ear diameter were small negative values. For LA94-8 GCA of most characteristics were positive, especially GCA of plant yield was maximum. There were good GCA for those two inbred lines. DAN340 and LA8593B were good testers because they had higher GCA in most characteristics. HQPSCB×LA8593A and LA97-16×LQ16-2 had maximum values of special combining ability (SCA), and relative heterosis were 13.68% and 23.8% in their test respectively. For screening the cross of high yield, SCA and heterosis should be paid attention in the selection.
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Plant Breeding
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Diallel analyses provide estimates of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects to facilitate efficient utilization of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines in breeding programs. Multi-environment trials are commonly conducted to evaluate GCA, SCA, and the stability of grain yield (GY) for single-crosses across environments (E). In these studies the significant GCA × E and SCA × E interactions are usually not examined, yet they indicate that the rankings of the parental inbred lines for GCA and SCA change across environments. The major objective of this study was to quantify stability of GCA and SCA effects of nine maize inbred lines developed in Iran using a 9 × 9 diallel mating design. The 36 single- cross hybrids were evaluated for GY, kernel rows per ear (KR), and kernels per row (KN) at three locations across two years (six environments), using a randomized complete-block design with four replicates. Rank sum and rank variance were used to measure the stability of GCA and SCA for GY across environments, and the Quade's test was used to separate the rank sums. The main effect of E, hybrid, and hybrid × E was significant. Significant GCA and SCA effects were found for the traits, with GCA being more important than SCA for KR, but vice versa for GY and KN. Significant GCA × E and SCA × E were observed for the traits, indicating changes in ranking of GCA and SCA across environments. Inbred lines KE75039 and K1263/2-1 had significant positive GCA for GY. The highest SCA for GY resulted from KE75039 × K2331 cross (15.07 Mg ha−1). Ranking of GCA and SCA for GY across environments exhibited different patterns for the parental inbred lines. Inbreds KE75039 and K1263/2-1 exhibited high stability for GCA across environments for GY, and they contributed only 9% and 7% to GCA × E interaction, respectively. Cross combination KE75039 × K2331 had the highest stability for SCA across the environments, followed by K2331 × K1263/2-1 and K1263/1 × OH43/1-43 crosses. The three other notable cross combinations with relatively stable SCA each had inbred line K1263/1 in common. Combining ability and stability analyses suggest that maize breeding programs in Iran could improve GY by using inbred lines KE75039, K1263/1, and K1263/2-1. It is suggested that new adapted germplasm be introduced to broaden the genetic base of maize germplasm available in Iran.
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By using NC Ⅱ design, 12 maize inbred lines were studied in yield components. The results indicated that there were significant differences among general combining ability (GCA) estimates of parents. Of lines 'Mian 689', 'Mian 786','Mian 788', 'Mian 906', most of GCA yield components were useful to improve plot yield, some of those parents can be used as basic materials in inbred lines improvement and new inbreeds selection for their significant differences in SCA. GCA effects in the kernel weight per plant and the plot yield were positively correlated with GCA effects of ear length, ear diameter,kernels of ear and 1000 kernel weight.
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Kernel (algebra)
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In 2016 five maize inbred lines were crossed in all possible combinations without reciprocals by using a half diallel crosses mating design to obtain 10 single crosses.Parental inbred lines and their F 1 single crosses were evaluated through 2017 season to evaluate the role of general and specific combining ability, heterosis and the morphological characteristics.A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used.Results showed that mean squares of genotypes, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant for all studied yield traits.The GCA/SCA ratio was less than unity for all studied traits, this means that these traits are predominantly controlled by non-additive gene action.Positive significant GCA effects were found for all studied traits.Based on GCA estimates, it could be concluded that the best combiners were Inb 209 and Inb 239 for most of studied traits.This result indicated that these inbred lines could be considered as good combiners for improving yield and its attributes.Positive significant SCA effects were found for all studied traits.Based on SCA effects, the best crosses for ear diameter, 100-kernel weigh and kernel number/row was C1; for ear length was C10 and for ear weight/plant, grain weight/plant and shelling percentage was C8. Results showed positive significant heterosis values for all studied yield traits.The best crosses over both their mid-parents and betterparents for ear diameter and 100-kernel weigh was C2; for ear length and kernel number/row was C5; for ear weight/plant and grain weight/plant was C9 and for shelling percentage was C8.
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