Chapter 10 Dendritic excitation by glutamate in CA1 hippocampal cells
2
Citation
48
Reference
10
Related Paper
Keywords:
Orthodromic
Iontophoresis
Glutamic acid
Iontophoresis is an exciting technology that was initially investigated 250 years ago. Simply defined, it is the application of an electrical potential that maintains a constant electric current across the skin or barrier that enhances the delivery of ionized as well as unionized moieties. In the past few years, different types of iontophoresis such as transdermal, ophthalmic, transungual, buccal, ural and transnasal iontophoresis have been reported. Each system has its own advantages and drawbacks. The review summarizes recent findings and applications of various iontophoresis techniques. Keywords: Iontophoresis; transdermal; ocular; buccal; transungual; ural; drug delivery.
Iontophoresis
Cite
Citations (9)
The in vitro iontophoretic transdermal delivery of chlorpromazine (CPZ) across pig skin was investigated. Anodal iontophoresis considerably increased CPZ skin penetration and accumulation compared with the passive controls.The effect of CPZ concentration in the donor solution was studied (1.4–8.2 mM). A higher penetration was observed with an increase of the concentration. In addition, the effect of NaCl concentration was also studied (154–200 mM). As expected, CPZ iontophoretic transport decreased with NaCl content. Finally, the influence of the current density (0.20–0.50 mA/cm2) was investigated. The iontophoretic transport of CPZ tends to increase with current density, although this effect was not statistically significant between 0.35 and 0.5 mA/cm2. On the whole, this work shows that iontophoresis may be used to improve the transdermal delivery of CPZ for the treatment of chronic psychosis.
Iontophoresis
Penetration (warfare)
Passive transport
Cite
Citations (14)
Iontophoresis
Penetration (warfare)
Cite
Citations (2)
Iontophoresis
Cite
Citations (76)
Iontophoresis
Passive transport
Cite
Citations (53)
Median sensory nerve conduction studies are arguably the most often performed electrodiagnostic tests worldwide. Routine tests in clinical practice are done using either antidromic or orthodromic techniques type of stimulation, with no universal agreement on the use of one or the other technique.We review the advantages and drawbacks of antidromic and orthodromic as well as their particularities for clinical application and research.The two techniques differ on how physical and physiological changes affect the action potential. Near-nerve recording is better suited for the orthodromic than for the antidromic technique, while studies of nerve excitability are better suited for the antidromic than for the orthodromic technique.Both techniques are equally suitable for routine tests but research studies may specifically demand one or the other.
Orthodromic
Antidromic
Sensory nerve
Cite
Citations (15)
Orthodromic
Antidromic
Cite
Citations (28)
Ocular iontophoresis is a time tested non-invasive tool for efficient delivery of drugs to both anterior and posterior segments of the eye. The review focuses on history of ocular iontophoresis, recent research developments on transcorneal/transscleral iontophoresis, prominent patents issued and filed on novel iontophoresis devices along with their treatment regimens. The review provides detailed information on development of ophthalmic iontophoretic devices, mode of action and the potential therapeutic applications. Further, the review discusses important clinical trials completed or inprogress on ocular iontophoresis targeting complex ocular disease states. A literary review of important developments in ophthalmic iontophoresis is expected to explore the growing prominence of this technique to effectively deliver drugs to both the superficial and inner ocular compartments targeting complex disease states as Glaucoma and Age Related Macular Degeneration. Keywords: Clinical trials, EyeGate® II Delivery System®, Patents in ocular iontophoresis, Ocuphor® delivery system, targeted iontophorectic drug delivery, Transscleral iontophoresis, transcorneal iontophoresis, Visulex® delivery system
Iontophoresis
Delivery system
Cite
Citations (2)
Iontophoresis required chlorine-containing compounds in the medium for effective microbial population reduction and killing. After iontophoresis ceased, the antimicrobial effect generated by iontophoresis remained but slowly decreased. Antimicrobial effects of iontophoresis may be related to the generation of short-lived chlorine-containing compounds.
Iontophoresis
Cite
Citations (25)