Rosmarinic Acid: A Potential Therapeutic Agent in Gastrointestinal Cancers Management—A Review
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Abstract:
Gastrointestinal cancers are still the leading cause of death worldwide. This is related, among other things, to non-specific symptoms, especially in the initial stages, and also to limited possibilities of treatment. Therefore, research is still being conducted to improve the detection of this type of cancer and increase the effectiveness of therapy. The potential application of natural compounds in cancer management deserves special attention. In the group of such products there are polyphenolic compounds which reveal e.g. anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and neuroprotective properties. One of such polyphenols is rosmarinic acid, commonly found in plants such as Boraginaceae and Nepetoideae subfamilies of the Lamiaceae (mint) family, including Origanum vulgare, Rosmarinus officinalis Thymus masticmasti chinaythia koreana, Ocimum sanctum, and Hyptis pectinate. A number of studies considers the positive effects of rosmarinic acid in the treatment of many cancers, including gastrointestinal ones such as oral, stomach, pancreas, colon, and liver. The main aim of this paper was to focus on the summarized mechanisms of the action of rosmarinic acid in gastrointestinal cancers.Keywords:
Rosmarinic acid
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Rosmarinic acid is a valuable polyphenolic molecule mainly found in species of Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae. The amount of rosmarinic acid varies according to the environmental condition in which the plant grows, temperature, and humidity. The content of 0.01 to 72 mg/g of rosmarinic acid has been determined in various plants. Biotechnological production of rosmarinic acid by plant cell culture is recommended for its high production. The investigations have mainly addressed sources of rosmarinic acid, its production, and its biological effects. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer activities, and it is an important substance for the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. In addition to its antioxidant effects, it has been tested in recent studies in neurodegenerative diseases and has been found to have beneficial effects in these diseases, especially on memory. In this chapter, attention was drawn to the importance of rosmarinic acid, a valuable chemical, and general information about its phytochemistry, production, and biological activities was reviewed.
Rosmarinic acid
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The present study compares the gastrointestinal stability of rosmarinic acid in aqueous extracts of thyme, winter savory and lemon balm with the stability of pure rosmarinic acid. The stability of rosmarinic acid was detected after two-phase in vitro digestion process (gastric and duodenal) with human gastrointestinal enzymes. The concentration of rosmarinic acid in undigested and digested samples was detected using HPLC-DAD. Results showed that gastrointestinal stability of pure rosmarinic acid was significantly higher than that of rosmarinic acid from plant extracts after both gastric and intestinal phases of digestion. Among plant extracts, rosmarinic acid was the most stable in lemon balm after gastric (14.10%) and intestinal digestion phases (6.5%). The temperature (37 °C) and slightly alkaline medium (pH=7.5) did not affect the stability of rosmarinic acid, while acid medium (pH=2.5) significantly decreased its stability (≥50%). In addition, the stability rate of rosmarinic acid is influenced by the concentration of human gastrointestinal juices.
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Seperti pada dewasa, teknik regional anestesi pada pediatrik kini makin popular digunakan oleh ahli anestesikarena keuntungannya. Namun demikian selalu ada risiko dan kemungkinan timbulnya komplikasi dari setiap tindakan yang dilakukan, termasuk tindakan anestesi regional pada pediatrik. Insidensi komplikasi anestesi regional pada pediatrik tidak banyak, dan kalaupun terjadi komplikasi adalah minor. Komplikasi bisa diakibatkan dari identifikasi ruang saraf, alat, obat, teknis tindakan anestesi regionalnya dan komplikasi lainnya.Walaupun tidak banyak kejadian komplikasi regional anestesi yang dilaporkan pada pediatrik, dan bukanlah komplikasi yang fatal, teknik regional anestesi pada pediatrik harus dilakukan dengan lebih hatihati, pertimbangan risiko dan keuntungannya untuk menghindari terjadinya komplikasi, terlebih karena kebanyakan komplikasi dapat dihindari dengan mempelajari teknik yang benar, menggunakan peralatan yang sesuai, dan sangat menerapkan prinsip keamanan pada pasien dengan baik.
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Genentech is partnering with the German cancer company Affimed to develop immunotherapies for multiple kinds of solid and blood cancers. Affimed is developing therapies that engage natural killer cells of the innate immune system to help direct them to attack cancer cells. Genentech will pay Affimed $96 million up front and up to $5 billion more in potential payments.
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Four spearmint, and two peppermint clonal lines, selected for enhanced rosmarinic acid content (50-120 mg g -1 rosmarinic acid DW), where up to 80% of the antioxidant activity was correlated to rosmarinic acid content, were examined to determine the effects of environmental and physiological conditions on the accumulation of rosmarinic acid in leaf tissues. Exposure to a short photoperiod of 12 hours in comparison to 16 hours reduced rosmarinic acid accumulation in two mint lines, but no significant difference was found between photoperiods of 14 and 16 hours. The physiological age of the plant strongly influenced the accumulation of rosmarinic acid with the highest levels recorded in the vegetative state, and a significant reduction in the concentration of rosmarinic acid in the leaves in both the bud initiation and flowering stages in the mint lines. Cold stress, impacted over a six week period had no effect on rosmarinic acid production. A field study of the commercial chemotype 700B indicated that soil type plays an essential role in the accumulation of rosmarinic acid in the leaf tissue, probably due to retention of moisture which favours rosmarinic acid production. For producers and extractors, taking these factors into account would significantly increase rosmarinic acid accumulation in commercially high rosmarinic acid mint and increase the quality control of plant extracts for the natural products industry.
Rosmarinic acid
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