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The aim of this paper is to describe a protocol that simulates the spinal surgery undergone by adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) by using a 3D-printed spine model. Patients with AIS underwent pre- and postoperative bi-planar low-dose X-rays from which a numerical 3D model of their spine was generated. The preoperative numerical spine model was subsequently 3D printed to virtually reproduce the spine surgery. Special consideration was given to the printing materials for the 3D-printed elements in order to reflect the radiopaque and mechanical properties of typical bones most accurately. Two patients with AIS were recruited and operated. During the virtual surgery, both pre- and postoperative images of the 3D-printed spine model were acquired. The proposed 3D-printing workflow used to create a realistic 3D-printed spine suitable for virtual surgery appears to be feasible and reliable. This method could be used for virtual-reality scoliosis surgery training incorporating 3D-printed models, and to test surgical instruments and implants.
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Commercial phantom objects for use in MR can be expensive and poorly representative of human anatomy. 3D printing provides the potential to produce cheaper, novel and reproducible phantoms. This project investigates the potential use of 3D printed materials in the construction of an anthropomorphic head phantom for MRI. It can be effectively split into two different, smaller projects: investigation into MR properties of 3D printed materials and design of an anthropomorphic head phantom for MRI.
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In the field of prostheses, significant developments have been accomplished so far in low-cost prosthetic limbs using 3D printing technology. However, when it comes to prosthetic hands, 3D printed prosthetic hands are still limited in their grasping ability, such as the adaptability to the shape of an object and a sufficient pinch force level for practical use. The goal of this experimental study is to engineer a bio-inspired surface structure to improve the grip action of prosthetic hands. The low-cost FDM 3D printing technology in combination with the flexible material, Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) 95A, was evaluated for this purpose. 3D printed surface (deformable) patterns were printed on top of a flat, rigid surface. The 3D printed patterns consisted of pillars or lines with varying thickness d, tip thickness D, wavelength λ, and curvatures α that were combined into different patterns. The frictional characteristics of the 3D printed patterns were assessed for nine different test scenarios, i.e. three different loads FN against three different countersurfaces. Despite the small differences in the static coefficient of friction μs of the 3D printed patterns, some consistent trends were found. First, μs increases with increasing thickness d. Second, μs increases with increasing wavelength λ up to a point in which the decrease of number density of the 3D printed features decreases the overall friction. Third, μs increases for pattern curvatures with peaks in the opposite direction, such as wave or circular patterns. Lastly, μs decreases under increasing normal load FN. The surface patterns were tested on the fingertips of a 3D printed prosthetic hand. The fingertips were assessed using the Box and Blocks Test (BBT), in which the pattern with the highest score displayed an ~70% increase in the number of blocks moved, compared to the original rigid fingertip of the 3D printed prosthetic hand in question. Further research and development are essential, especially for the FMD 3D print process of small dimensional printing in combination with flexible materials. Nevertheless, the proposed fingertip pattern demonstrated a first step towards future improvements of the grip action of low-budget 3D printed prosthetic hands using soft fingertip patterns.
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Purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy and clinical outcomes of the medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) using a three-dimensional (3D-) printed patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) with that of conventional surgical techniques. Methods. A prospective comparative study which included 18 patients who underwent MOWHTO using 3D-printed PSI technique (3D-printed group) and 19 patients with conventional technique was conducted from Jan 2019 to Dec 2019. After the preoperative planning, 3D-printed PSI (cutting guide model) was used in MOWHTO for 3D-printed group, while freehand osteotomies were adopted in the conventional group. The accuracy of MOWHTO for each method was compared using the radiological index obtained preoperatively and postoperatively, including mechanical femorotibial angle (mFTA) and medial mechanical proximal tibial angle (mMPTA), and correction error. Regular clinical outcomes were also compared between the 2 groups. Results. The correction errors in the 3D-printed group were significantly lower than the conventional group (mFTA, vs. , ) (mMPTA, vs. , ). There was a significantly shorter duration ( ) and lower radiation exposures ( ) for the osteotomy procedure in the 3D-printed group than in the conventional group. There were significantly higher subjective IKDC scores ( ) and Lysholm scores ( ) in the 3D-printed group at the 3-month follow-up, but not significantly different at other time points. Fewer complications occurred in the 3D-printed group. Conclusions. With the assistance of the 3D-printed patient-specific cutting guide model, a safe and feasible MOWHTO can be conducted with superior accuracy than the conventional technique.
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재료 압출 방식 3D 프린팅은 필라멘트 형태의 열가소성 수지가 노즐을 통해 압출되면서 제품을 형성하기 때문에 적층물의 강도 및 내구성에 한계를 가진다. 본 연구에서는 재료 압출 방식 3D 프린팅에서 적층 경로에 따른 인장특성을 분석하였다. 대칭 적층 경로 7개, 비대칭 적층 경로 6개로 총 13가지의 적층 경로로 시편을 제작하여 인장강도를 비교하였다. 또한 사출 성형으로 벌크(bulk) 및 웰드라인 시편을 제작하여 3D 적층 시편과 인장강도를 비교하였다. 3D 프린팅 시편의 적층 경로 15/-15와 30/-30 시편에서 벌크 소재보다 높은 인장강도를 보였으며 적층 경로 90/-90 시편에서는 가장 낮은 인장강도를 보였다. 3D 적층 시편에서 최대 전단 응력이 발생하는 면에서 파단되는 경우에 인장강도가 가장 크게 나타났다. 3D 프린팅에서 적층 경로 조절을 통해 소재 고유의 인장강도보다 더 큰 인장강도를 갖는 적층물을 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다.
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Abstract The use of three‐dimensional (3D) printing to manufacture off‐the‐shelf titanium acetabular cups for hip arthroplasty has increased; however, the impact of this manufacturing technology is yet not fully understood. Although several studies have described the presence of structural cavities in 3D printed parts, there has been no analysis of full postproduction acetabular components. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3D printing on the material structure of acetabular implants, first comparing different designs of 3D printed cups, second comparing 3D printed with conventionally manufactured cups. Two of the 3D printed cups were produced using electron beam melting (EBM), one using laser rapid manufacturing (LRM). The investigation was performed using X‐ray microcomputed tomography, imaging both the entire cups and samples sectioned from different regions of each cup. All 3D printed cups showed evidence of structural cavities; these were uniformly distributed in the volume of the samples and exhibited a prevalent spherical shape. The LRM‐manufactured cup had significantly higher cavity density ( p = .0286), with a median of 21 cavities/mm 3 compared to 3.5 cavities/mm 3 for EBM cups. However, the cavity size was similar, with a median of 20 μm ( p = .7385). The conventional cups showed a complete absence of distinguishable cavities. The presence of cavities is a known limitation of the 3D printing technology; however, it is noteworthy that we found them in orthopedic implants used in patients. Although this may impact their mechanical properties, to date, 3D printed cups have not been reported to encounter such failures.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) has acquired an increasing interest from industrial, academic, and research fields in the last few decades. One of the AM techniques that is overgrowing and gripping more attention is Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). 3D printed parts with FDM are being considered in replacing traditionally manufactured parts made with traditional materials. Hence, comes the need for understanding the mechanical behavior of printed parts to evaluate its eligibility for any given application. However, knowledge established is lacking information about 3D printing materials mechanical properties. From here comes the aim of this paper, which is to investigate the compression properties of PLA 3D printed samples. Furthermore, to examine the consistency of mechanical behavior over duplicated 3D printed samples. Specimens would be 3D printed by the FDM technique under the same 3D print conditions to minimize and -or if possible- eliminate the impact of unwanted factors on compressive properties of the material.
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When the 3D printed structures were printed utilizing FDM 3D printer the layer grooves were generated on the structures. The layer grooves make the 3D printed structures strength decrease. Therefore authors already devised the 3D-CMF (Chemical Melting Finishing). The 3D-CMF is the method that dissolve the convex part of the layer grooves and filled in the concave part of the layer grooves and smoothen the layer grooves.3D-CMF reduces the cause of breaking of the 3D printed structures, which is considered to increase the strength. In this paper, we investigated the fundamental characteristics of the 3D-CMF and demonstrate of the change of the strength of the 3D printed structures.
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