High Purity H2 Resource from Methanol Steam Reforming at Low-Temperature by Spinel CuGa2O4 Catalyst for Fuel Cell
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In order to prepare platelet-like spinel expected as the reinforcing phase, different amounts (5 – 20 at %) of SnO2 were added into the mixture of magnesia and alumina platelets, and then heated at 1300 – 1600 °C for 5 h. Effects of SnO2 addition on the synthesis of magnesium aluminate spinel microplatelets were investigated. The synthesized spinel was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Spinel platelets like “sesame cookie” formed derived from platelet alumina based on the template process. The highest spinel content in samples with 10 % of SnO2 addition achieved. The amount of Al2O3 and SnO2 in solid solution and degree of orneriness for spinel depended on SnO2 addition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.24.1.17530
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The latest publications regarding the development of technology to control inclusion compositions focusing on MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions were summarized in this review article. The problems caused by spinel inclusions, which affect practice as well as products were shown. The formation mechanism of MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions is secondly explained thermodynamically from the view points of chemistries of molten steels and slag compositions. Furthermore, crystallization behaviour of spinel was introduced. Countermeasures conducted in practices and laboratories were shown along with some problems still left that should be solved in the future.
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Nanostructured spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4, layered Li1.5Mn0.75Ni0.25O2.5 and layered-spinel hybrid particles have been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal methods. It is found that the nanostructured hybrid cathode contains both spinel and layered components, which could be expressed as Li1.13Mn0.75Ni0.25O2.32. Diffraction-contrast bright-field (BF) and dark-field (DF) images illustrate that the hybrid cathode has well dispersed spinel component. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the first-cycle efficiency of the layered-spinel hybrid cathode is greatly improved (up to 90%) compared with that of the layered material (71%) by integrating spinel component. Our investigation demonstrates that the spinel containing hybrid material delivers a high capacity of 240 mAh g–1 with good cycling stability between 2.0 and 4.8 V at a current rate of 0.1 C.
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The steam reforming of methanol on Mn promoted Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3 catalysts was studied in this paper. The effects of catalyst composition, reaction temperatures, ratio of water to methanol and feed velocity on steam reforming reaction of methanol were investigated. Under optimized For Cu45Zn45Al5Mn5 catalyst, when reaction temperature was 220-240℃, molar ratio of water to methanol was 1.0-1.2 and liquid space velocity was about 3.0 h~(-1), higher methanol conversion and hydrogen yield and lower outlet CO concentration were obtained, and catalyst showed good stability.
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Effect of spinel kinds on the properties of alumina—spinel castables was investigated. The results showed that the addition of various kinds of spinels has an effect on the physical and mechanical properties of these refractory castables. The reason is that the A l 2 O 3 ‐rich spinel precipitated A l 2 O 3 and M g O ‐rich spinel solid solution and formed secondary spinel. In addition, stable spinel in castables during heat treatment process was found to be more effective for enhancing cold and hot strength.
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LiCoxMn2-xO4 - coated spinel LiMn2O4 was prepared by soft chemistry process, then the LiCoxMn2-xO4 - coated spinel LiMn2O4 and the uncoated spinel LiMn2O4 were characterized by methods of cyclic voltammetry, constant current charge - discharge and potential decay. Ther results showed that the initial capacity of LiCoxMn2-xO4 -coated spinel LiMn2O4 was lower than that of uncoated spinel LiMn2O4 After 50 cycles, the capacity loss of uncoated spinel LiMn2O4 was 56. 2% of initial, while that of LiCoxMn2-xO4 -coated spinel LiMn2O4 was 33. 5%, and LiCoxMn2-xO4 - coated spinel LiMn2O4 had better chemical stability than uncoated spinel LiMn2O4. Better cyclic stability of LiCoxMn2-xO4- coated spinel LiMn2O4 may be attributed to the surface layer LiCoxMn2-xO4, which reduces the LiMn2O4 dissolution into electrolyte.
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