Bioremediation of azo dye: A review on strategies, toxicity assessment, mechanisms, bottlenecks and prospects
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The development of bioremediation for contaminated soil in China during past 30 years was briefly reviewed, mainly including the developing stages, bioremediation techniques/strategies and their applications, and isolation, screening and characterizations of microbial strains for bioremediation as well as their efficiencies in bioremediation of contaminated soils. Finally, future development of bioremediation techniques/strategies and their applications were also discussed.
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Table of Contents 1. Environmental Pollution and Restoration: a Role for Bioremediation, J. Philp, S. M. Bamforth, I. Singleton, and R. M. Atlas 2. Suspicions to Solutions: Characterizing Contaminated Land, L. R. Barlow and J. Philp 3. Legal and Regulatory Frameworks for Bioremediation, B. Hartman, M. Mustian, and C. Cunningham 4. Modeling Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater, H. Prommer and D. Andrew Barry 5. Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils and Aquifers, J. C. Philp and R. M. Atlas 6. Monitoring Bioremediation, J. C. Philp, A. S. Whiteley, L. Ciric, and M. J. Bailey 7. Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills, R. Prince and R. M. Atlas 8. Bioremediation of Metals and Radionuclides, J. R. Lloyd, R. T. Anderson, and L. E. Macaskie 9. Preemptive Bioremediation: Applying Biotechnology for Clean Industrial Products and Processes, M. Griffiths and R. M. Atlas
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Current Soil Pollution Scenario Effects of Soil Pollution Diversity of Soil Microbes from Contaminated Sites Bioremediation of Toxic Pollutants Bioremediation Mechanisms Factors Affecting Bioremediation/Biosorption Process Microbial Bioremediation Approaches Conclusion and Future Prospective Acknowledgements
Biosorption
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The existence of a study that can map various existing research topics with the intention of providing information to researchers about the research gap in order to determine the position of research is needed. This study was conducted by analyzing the theme of 250 bioremediation scopus indexed international journals from 1980s until 2015 to obtain the distribution of research, trending topic, hot topic, and potential topics in the future. The distribution of research is grouped based on bioremediation objectives, type of pollutants, type of research, aspects of study and bioremediation techniques used. The results showed that 84.5% of the bioremediation researchs were land bioremediation and 34% were heavy metal bioremediation. Those studies are still dominated by laboratory research (75.9%), mainly microbial aspects (59%) and 82.9% using bioreactor as bioremediation techniques in the laboratory. In situ research still had a small portion (12.9%). The trending topic of the last ten years was the land bioremediation with hydrocarbons contamination and the hot topic was the land bioremediation with heavy metal contamination. Bioremediation of polluted groundwater by in situ various pollutants will become a potential topic in the future.
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The removal of disulfide oil (DSO) from contaminated soil was studied by the bioremediation method and the influence of electrokinetic on the bioremediation process was investigated. The bacillus subtilis strain was used in the bioremediation process. The effects of humidity, time and DSO concentration in soil was studied. The experimental results for the bioremediation of DSO show, the removal percent of DSO reach to 67% at 30oC and 26% humidity after six days. For the electrokinetic bioremediation (EK – bioremediation) experiments, the optimal current density was determined and several experiments at different times were performed. The concentration of DSO and the humidity was 20 L/ g. soil and 26% respectively. The DSO removal percent was reached to 61% after two days. The maximum DSO concentration in soil was 50 L/ g. soil. The comparison of the EK – bioremediation with the bioremediation method shows, the EK – bioremediation reduce the biodegradation time for DSO significantly.
Human decontamination
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The shoreline types fit for bioremediation and the bioremediation technology were discussed. The main contents include: common methods of bioremediation technology, mechanisms of their effects and their application in the bioremediation of oil-contaminated beaches. Furthermore, the problems and solutions have been put forward, and the trends of recent studies have been introduced. It is suggested that the theory basis of oil spill bioremediation needed to be further developed, and the current methods of bioremediation must be combined in the future.
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Xenobiotic
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Bioremediation is an ecologically sound and state of the art technique that employs natural biological processes to completely eliminate toxic contaminants. Any process that uses micro organisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation technologies can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Some examples of bioremediation technologies are bioventing, landfarming, bioreactor, compositing, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and bio-stimulaiton. Micro organism which perform the function of bioremediation is known as Bioremediators. (bioaugmentation). Not all contaminants, however, are easily treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. For example, heavy metals such as cadmium and lead are not readily absorbed or captured by organisms. the assimilation of metals such as mercury into the food chain may worsen matters. This paper gives an idea of what is bioremediation, principles of bioremediation, factors of bioremediation, strategies, types, genetic engineering approaches, monitoring bioremediation and advantages or disadvantages of bioremediation.
Bioaugmentation
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Biodegradation Mechanisms Biodegradability of Major Groups of Contaminants Genetic Capability Overview of Bioremediation Approaches Key Design Tools for Bioremediation Treatment Systems Environmental Factors Limiting Bioremediation in the Field Bioremediation Strategies Conclusions Acknowledgments References
Limiting
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경유를 sandy loam 토양에서 농도별로 투여하여 토양미생물군집에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며 또한 경우가 첨가된 토양에서 경유의 신속한 제거를 위해 실시한 bioremediation에 의한 영향을 측정하였다. 경유는 토양에서 16주 후 약 50% 내외의 잔류량을 나타내며 bioremediation 처리시 제거율은 60~95% 정도가 증가하여 16주 후 약 8~20 범위의 잔류량을 나타내었다. 토양에 경유가 첨가되었을 때에는 세균직접계수, 진균류의 균사 길이, 호기성 종속영양세균과 탄화수소 분해세균의 수가 최고 10 내지 100배 정도 증가하였다. Bioremediation 처리시에는 그 증가가 더욱 두드러져 각종 미생물 개체수 측정치가 최고 100배 내지 1000배까지 증가하였다. 경유가 fluorescein diacetate 가수분해 활성에 미치는 영향은 bioremediation 처리를 하지 않은 토양에서는 뚜렷한 증감의 경향이 없었으나 bioremediation 처리를 한 토양에서는 10배 내외의 활성의 증가를 보였으며 이러한 양상은 soil dehydrogenase 활성에서도 유사하게 나타났다. 【The effects of diesel oil on the microbial community in sandy loam soil were investigated, and the effects of bioremediation which was performed to enhance the removal of diesel oil from soil were also measured. The residual percentage of diesel oil was about 50% after 16 week incubation period. The bioremediation treatment increased the removal rate at 60~95%. When the soil was contaminated with diesel oil, the direct bacterial count, length of fungal hyphae, aerobic heterotroph and hydrocarbon degrader were increased by 2~3 orders of magnitude. The bioremediation further increased these numbers 10 to 100-fold. There were no difinite patterns of change in fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity in bioremediation-untreated soil, but about 10 times of increase of activity was observed in bioremediation-treated soil. Similar change was occurred in soil dehydrogenase activity.】
Biostimulation
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