BjuA03.BNT1 plays a positive role in resistance to clubroot disease in resynthesized Brassica juncea L.
Keqi LiKai WangYiji ShiFenghao LiangXinru LiShunjun BaoBalziya Maratkyzy YesmagulMaliha FatimaCheng‐Yu YuAixia XuXingguo ZhangSanxiong FuShi XueXiaoling DunZhaoyong ZhouZhen Huang
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Clubroot
Clubroot, caused by the soil-borne protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most destructive diseases of Chinese cabbage worldwide. However, the clubroot resistance mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, in both clubroot-resistant (DH40R) and clubroot-susceptible (DH199S) Chinese cabbage lines, the primary (root hair infection) and secondary (cortical infection) infection stages started 2 and 5 days after inoculation (dai), respectively. With the extension of the infection time, cortical infection was blocked and complete P. brassica resistance was observed in DH40R, while disease scales of 1, 2, and 3 were observed at 8, 13, and 22 dai in DH199S. Transcriptome analysis at 0, 2, 5, 8, 13, and 22 dai identified 5,750 relative DEGs (rDEGs) between DH40R and DH199S. The results indicated that genes associated with auxin, PR, disease resistance proteins, oxidative stress, and WRKY and MYB transcription factors were involved in clubroot resistance regulation. In addition, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) identified three of the modules whose functions were highly associated with clubroot-resistant, including ten hub genes related to clubroot resistance (ARF2, EDR1, LOX4, NHL3, NHL13, NAC29, two AOP1, EARLI 1, and POD56). These results provide valuable information for better understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of Chinese cabbage clubroot resistance.
Clubroot
WRKY protein domain
Brassica rapa
MYB
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Clubroot is caused by the obligate pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. The organism targets root hair cells for entry and forms spores in numbers so large that they eventually develop characteristic galls or clubs on the roots. Clubroot incidence is rising globally and impacting the production of oil seed rape (OSR) and other economically important brassica crops where fields are infected. P. brassicae has a wide genetic diversity, and different isolates can vary in virulence levels depending on the host plant. Breeding for clubroot resistance is a key strategy for managing this disease, but identifying and selecting plants with desirable resistance traits are difficult due to the symptom recognition and variability in the gall tissues used to produce clubroot standards. This has made the accurate diagnostic testing of clubroot challenging. An alternative method of producing clubroot standards is through the recombinant synthesis of conserved genomic clubroot regions. This work demonstrates the expression of clubroot DNA standards in a new expression system and compares the clubroot standards produced in a recombinant expression vector to the standards generated from clubroot-infected root gall samples. The positive detection of recombinantly produced clubroot DNA standards in a commercially validated assay indicates that recombinant clubroot standards are capable of being amplified in the same way as conventionally generated clubroot standards. They can also be used as an alternative to standards generated from clubroot, where access to root material is unavailable or would take great effort and time to produce.
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This paper analysis the relations between the resistance of the parent and F1,F2.The experimental results indicate that: F1 will be high disease-resistance when Parent is high disease-resistance.The resistance immunity of wheat to stripe rust mainly show dominant effect.The proportion of the immunized plant of descendants in wheat is higher.The number of the immunized plant and high disease-resistance plant in F2 relates to the resistance of the parent.The parent is high disease-resistance,the proportion of the immunized plant and high disease-resistance plant of descendants will higher.
Stripe rust
Rust (programming language)
Plant Immunity
Heredity
Plant disease
High resistance
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Abstract Pathologic specialisation of Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. in New Zealand was investigated in an experiment conducted in a glass-house, using six hosts, two sources of inoculum, and two dose rates. Source A infected Brassica napus L. ssp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk. New Zealand Wilhelrnsburger swede and Brassica campestris L. ssp. rapiiera (Metzg.) Simko New Zealand Purple Resistant turnip, but not Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera (Metzg.) Sinsk. Clubroot Resistant rape. Source B infected Clubroot Resistant rape but not Wilhelmsburger swede and Purple Resistant turnip. There were no differences between the two sources of inoculum on Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera B.L.E. II rape and Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, which were both susceptible, and on Brassica napus L. ssp. rapifera Wye swede, which was predorninantly resistant. Infection score increased with an increase in dose rate in the susceptible host-source combinations, but not in the resistant ones. Infection score increased with an increase in dose rate in the susceptible host-source combinations, but not in the resistant ones.
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Clubroot
Brassicaceae
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Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is an economically important soil-borne disease that threatens Brassicaceae crops worldwide. In recent years, the incidence area of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) clubroot disease has increased, which severely affects the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage. The resistance of varieties harboring the single clubroot-resistance (CR) gene is easily broken through by P. brassicae pathotypes. CRa and CRd, genetically identified in B. rapa, are CR genes known to be highly resistant to different P. brassicaea pathotypes. In our study, we perform the gene pyramiding of CRa and CRd in Chinese cabbages through marker-assisted selection (MAS), and develop homozygous pyramided lines. The newly generated pyramided lines exhibit greater resistance to six different pathotypes than that of two parental lines carrying a single CR gene. This study provides new CR-gene-pyramided lines for the development of clubroot-resistant Brassica varieties for future breeding programs.
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Brassica rapa
Brassicaceae
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Clubroot symptoms occurred severely on roots of Pak-Choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis) grown in greenhouses in Gwangju city, Gyeonggi province, Korea in September, 2008. The incidence of the disease symptoms reached as high as 90% in three greenhouses investigated. The root galls collected from the greenhouses were sectioned using a scalpel and observed by light microscope. Many resting spores were found in the cells of the root gall tissues. Suspension of resting spores was prepared from the root galls and inoculated to roots of healthy Pak-Choi plants. Each of five resting spore suspensions caused clubroot symptoms on the roots, which were similar to those observed during the greenhouse survey. Resting spores of the pathogen were observed in the cells of the affected roots. The clubroot pathogen was identified as Plasmodiophora brassicae based on its morphological and pathological characteristics. This is the first report that Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot of Pak-Choi.
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Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a destructive disease of cruciferous plants worldwide. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) system specific to P. brassicae was developed. Analysis of the qPCR sensitivity indicated that the lower limit of detection was 1 × 101 resting spores/ml, 1 × 102 spores/g of soil, and 1 × 103 spores/g of roots and seeds. The regression curves generated from the qPCR data of different samples had a parallel relationship. The difference between the theoretical and actual concentrations was lowest at 1 × 105 spores/g of sample, compared with other concentrations. The P. brassicae biomass in soil and plant root tissues after inoculated with different spore concentrations was correlated. A correlation analysis confirmed that the clubroot incidence and disease index at 6 weeks after inoculation increased as the spore concentration increased. Under field conditions, the natural inoculum density of the P. brassicae population decreased at the early stage and then increased, with P. brassicae mainly being detected at a soil depth of 0 to 50 cm. The horizontal distribution of P. brassicae varied in the field with occurrences of hot spots. This study established a qPCR-based method for quantitative detection of clubroot. The developed assay is useful for monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of P. brassicae in the field. It may also be applicable for clubroot forecasting as a part of proactive disease management.
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Clubroot is an economically important disease affecting plants in the family Cruciferae worldwide. In this study, a collection of 50 Cruciferae accessions was screened using Plasmodiophora brassicae pathotype 4 in China. Eight of these demonstrated resistance, including three Chinese cabbages, two cabbages, one radish, one kale, and one Brassica juncea. The three clubroot-resistant Chinese cabbages (1003, 1007 and 1008) were then used to transfer the clubroot resistance genes to B. napus by distant hybridization combined with embryo rescue. Three methods including morphological identification, cytology identification, and molecular marker-assisted selection were used to determine hybrid authenticity, and 0, 2, and 4 false hybrids were identified by these three methods, respectively. In total, 297 true hybrids were identified. Clubroot resistance markers and artificial inoculation were utilized to determine the source of clubroot resistance in the true hybrids. As a result, two simple sequence repeat (SSR) and two intron polymorphic (IP) markers linked to clubroot resistance genes were identified, the clubroot resistance genes of 1007 and 1008 were mapped to A03. At last, 159 clubroot-resistant hybrids were obtained by clubroot resistance markers and artificial inoculation. These intermediate varieties will be used as the 'bridge material' of clubroot resistance for further B. napus breeding.
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The cruciferous clubroot disease in Anhui Province is increasing year by year. It has become an important factor limiting canola yield and quality. In this paper, Williams system was used to identify the main physiological races of Plasmodiophora brassicae collected from some regions in Huangshan city, Anhui province. The resistance of 30 oilseed cultivars to clubroot was evaluated under field conditions in Huangshan. The result indicated that the main races of clubroot disease in Huangshan were No.4 and No.9 physiological races. Cultivars ‘Quanyinyou 5' and ‘Deyouzao1' are resistant to clubroot. These cultivars are recommended as predominant cultivars and breeding materials in clubroot infected regions.
Clubroot
Limiting
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