Topography control and component design strategies to enhance electrochemical performance of O3-Type cathode materials for Sodium-ion batteries
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This paper compares the temperature distribution and warm up time between assembly cathode heated up by conduction and non-assembly cathode heated by radiation using the thermal analysis module of ANSYS.The results show that both of them have a uniform cathode surface temperature distribution and the temperature difference at the sleeve of assembly cathode is in proportion to the input power of its heater and that compared with the non-assembly cathode,the temperature of assembly cathode is higher at the sleeve and the cathode surface,but markedly lower at the heater.Nevertheless, non-assembly cathode starts faster;moreover,improving the emissivities of the cathode's undersurface and the heater enables the non-assembly cathode to have thermal performance similar to that of the assembly cathode.
Cold cathode
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A semitransparent cathode is proposed for an efficient operation of the relativistic magnetron (RM) with axial extraction. The semitransparent cathode is a kind of shaped cathode. It is achieved using a cylindrical cathode with longitudinal strips removed. The cross section of each removed strip is fan-shaped and all the emit strips are connected in the central area of the cathode. Results of the 3-D particle-in-cell simulations show that the using a semitransparent cathode yields similar performance benefits compared with that using the transparent cathode proposed by the University of New Mexico. Simulation results also show that output characteristics of the RM using the semitransparent cathode are insensitive to the depth and width of each cathode slot. Thus, the semitransparent cathode might be more robust for practical applications.
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Cavity magnetron
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It has been proposed that gated field emitters could be used in place of conventional thermionic cathodes to control the current injection in a magnetron, both temporally and spatially. Since gated field emitters have to be fabricated on flat surfaces, a faceted cathode would be used to implement this approach. A 2D ten cavity, rising sun magnetron has been modeled using the particle-in-cell code vorpal. Cylindrical, five-sided, and ten-sided faceted cathodes were modeled to study the variation of magnetron operation due to the cathode shape. This work shows the results of the device performance employing three different cathode geometries with a typical continuous current source. The cathode voltage is −22.2 kV; magnetic field is 0.09 T; and linear current density is 326 A/m. The three models oscillated at the π-mode, at a frequency of 960 MHz for the cylindrical cathode and 957 MHz for the faceted cathodes. Simulations show a faster start up time for the ten-sided faceted cathode. This resulted in a reduced overall startup time of the device from 200 to 110 ns. A strong current instability was observed in the five-sided cathode case with a periodicity range from 250 to 350 ns. This instability was limited to the start-up period of the ten-sided cathode model; hence the ten-sided case was more stable.
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Microbial electrolysis cell
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Inert
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High-performance reflection-mode GaAs photocathode (named cathode 1 for short) with the integral sensitivity of 2140μA/lm is prepared by adopting "high-low temperature" two-step activation and using heavily p-type Be-doped GaAs materials, which is grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique. Moreover, spectral response characteristic and cathodes performance parameters of two cathodes are obtained by spectral response database we compiled, one is the reflection-mode photocathode (named cathode 2 for short) with the integral sensitivity of 1800μA/lm reported by G. H. Olsen in the 70s; the other is the transmission-mode photocathode (named cathode 3 for short) with the integral sensitivity 3070μA/lm reported by O. H. W. Siegmund in 2003. A transmission-mode cathode (named cathode 4 for short) is acquired by computer simulation on the basis of cathode 1, and its integral sensitivity is 1907μA/lm, then we compare the reflection-mode cathodes (cathode 1 and cathode 2) and the transmission-mode cathodes (cathode 3 and cathode 4), respectively, and analyze the cause for performance difference among these cathodes, the results show that the surface escape probability of cathode 1 reach to 0.62, which is lower slightly that of cathode 2, so preparation technique of cathode 1 has gotten higher the surface escape probability, but the electron diffusion length of cathode 1 and the back interface recombination velocity of cathode 4 is not better compared to cathode 2 or cathode 3. Which shows preparation technique of cathode 1 obtains better surface barrier, it need to be optimized all the same for achieving higher performance GaAs photocathodes.
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Mixed metal matrix cathodes (MM-cathodes) were optimized and their life behavior was tested in different test vehicles. In two separate life test programs, 57 MM-cathodes with a W/Os matrix were investigated in test vehicle (tetrodes) where the cathode environment was similar to that of a tube. In parallel, a further 100 MM-cathodes in other types of test vehicles were operated for supplementary investigations and cathode design optimization. The operational temperatures were between 880 degrees C/sub B/ and 1200 degrees C/sub B/ (brightness). One group of cathodes was operated at constant anode voltage with an initial current density of 0.75 A/cm/sup 2/, and the other group was operated with a loading of 2 A/cm/sup 2/ for as long as the anode voltage could be adjusted. The cathodes at lower temperatures (>
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Diffusion layer
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In a dispenser cathode the surface is composed of many small regions having different and individual values of work functions called "patches". The non-uniform emission results in a gradual transition from space-charge (SC) region to temperature limited (TL) region. The emission of a planar cathode is modeled using a 'top-hat' model. In practice, the convergent guns are incorporated with a spherical cathode. The above model is applied to a spherical cathode-anode system. This model can also be extended to a gun geometry provided that the field distribution across the cathode cross section is uniform. In this paper the performance of three types of cathode, viz. B-Type, Alloy-coated, and Scandate cathodes are studied. In the present model the real cathode is replaced by a fictitious cathode, having a maximum current density at θ = 0° and a minimum at the rim. The analysis shows that there exists an analogy between a planar cathode and a spherical cathode, enabling the emission current to be modeled in a manner similar to a planar cathode.
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