A flexible piezoelectric/pyroelectric dual-function sensor resistant to high temperature
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Most exiting piezoelectric polymers have low glass transition temperature, so they can only opereture at lower temperature (<150 °C). Once the operate temperature is exceeded, the piezoelectric performance of the device rapidly decreases. At higher temperatures, dense chain motion can interfere with the orientation of dipoles, thus limiting the development of polmer based high-temperature piezoelectric sensors. High-temperature piezoelectric sensor devices are entirely made of inorganic materials, however, inorganic materials are rigid and can only under small strains. Therefore, the enhancement the temperature resistance of piezoelectric polmers and constructing piezoelectric asymmetric structure are the key to the manufacturing of flexible high-temperature resistant piezoelectric/pyroelectric dual functional sensors. In this study, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber film was prepared by electrospinning, then heat treating PAN nanofiber film by program temperature control. The effects of the different heat-treatment temperatures on the mechanical and electrical performance of PAN nanofiber film are studied systematically. The results of the study show that, PAN high temperature resistant flexible nanofiber film sensors can be used in high temperature environment (> 500 ℃). Its output performance increases with the increase of heat treatment temperature (< 260 ℃) and then basically remains unchanged (260-450 ℃). Finally, the output performance decreased (> 450 ℃). When the heat treatment temperature reaches 260 ℃, the output voltage was up to 10.08 V, and current reached 2.89 μA. Compared to the PAN membranes without heat treatment, its output voltage and current were increased by 3.54 times and 2.83 times, respectively. At the same time, the output of the PAN high temperature resistant flexible nanofiber film sensors almost unchanged in the high-temperature environment. For the first time, the heat-treated PAN nanofiber film has a pyroelectric effect, and the pyroelectric output open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current increase with the increasing of the temperature gradient. Besides, the PAN nanofiber film sensors have durability for over 5000 cycles under room temperature(25 °C), and it also has durability for over 5000 cycles under high temperature (400 °C). Overall, good flexible, high-temperature resistance, and bifunctional sensing ability make PAN flexible nanofiber film sensors expect to be widely used in high temperature environments such as fire safety, aerospace and other harsh environment.Keywords:
Dual function
Czochralski method
Pyroelectric crystal
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Dual function
Dual role
Dual purpose
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The paper describes briefly the development history of the polymer with piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity, approaches the compositions, structures and piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity of the PVDF. The fabricating technology and the applications of film are introduced. Finally, the developing trend of PVDF with piezoelectricity and thermoelectricity and some problems which need further researches are discussed.
Pyroelectric crystal
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Based on the Von Karman plate theory, the piezoelectricity and the classical laminate theory, the electromechanical coupled characteristics of circular plate pressure sensors with thin piezoelectric layers were quantitatively analyzed. Firstly, a static mechanic coupled model of a piezoelectric laminated sensor was presented, and the general expression of the sensitive charge was given. By means of the series method in expansion, the exact solution of the geometrical nonlinear couple problem was obtained. The characteristic curves of sensitive charge vs pressure and central deflection were obtained, which are the great interest for the signal output of piezoelectric pressure sensors. The influence the secondary piezoelectric effect were quantitatively discussed simultaneously. For piezoelectric pressure sensor, the results of the solved problems can be directly to measure the pressure and the deflection of the laminated plate structures by the output of electric signals.
Plate theory
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This article presents a constitutive model for piezoelectric paint that addresses its special characteristics such as mixed connectivity and air void content. Piezoelectric paint is a composite piezoelectric material that is comprised of tiny piezoelectric particles randomly dispersed within a polymer matrix phase. The feasibility of using piezoelectric paint for ultrasonic sensing such as acoustic emission sensor has been demonstrated in the literature. With an emphasis on sensor application, a constitutive model that considers the special characteristics of piezoelectric paint such as mixed connectivity and air void content is formulated in a semi-empirical approach. The focus of this study is given to piezoelectric paints with a piezoelectric ceramic volume fraction ranging from 35% to 60%, for which some of the active particles form 1-3 connectivity, leading to higher piezoelectric activity than previous models for piezoelectric 0-3 composites predict. Percolation theory is used to empirically model the rapid increase of piezoelectric activity after a threshold level of piezoelectric ceramic particle volume fraction is exceeded in the piezoelectric paint. Such a constitutive model is very useful to sensor design since the insight gained from a parametric study of piezoelectric paint properties will provide input to optimizing paint formulation for a particular sensor design. The effect of piezoelectric particle volume fraction on the electromechanical properties of piezoelectric paint is first examined and is followed by a discussion of the air void content and polarization effects. The proposed percolation-based mixed connectivity model for piezoelectric paint sensor has been calibrated with experimental data.
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Volume fraction
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The recent trend in miniaturization of piezoelectrically active devices is driving research on size effects of these functional materials under reduced length scales. In this paper, we measure and model the generation of charge in thin piezoelectric structures under sinusoidal hydrostatic pressure and show how the subsequent thermally induced pyroelectric effect dominates the response in the smallest samples. We calculate the temperature profiles through the lead zirconate titanate structures, and determine the pyroelectric coefficient in these materials to be p′=0.28±0.02 mC m−2 K−1. The analysis of the piezoelectric and pyroelectric charge response described in this paper has significant impact on the design and fundamental functional behavior of small-scale piezoelectric devices.
Lead zirconate titanate
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic equilibrium
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