Methods for causality assessment of idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury
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The diagnosis of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a challenging task due to the lack of specific features or definitive diagnostic tools. A minimum of clinical and pharmacological information is required, together with laboratory and imaging tests to exclude other causes of liver injury. Several standardized methods have been developed to support clinical judgement and establish causality assessment, the most widely used being the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method-RUCAM-and structured Expert Opinion. More recently, an evidence-based, revised RUCAM, Electronic Causality Assessment Method-RECAM-has been developed and, although still a work in progress, may replace RUCAM scoring in the future. International collaborative networks and ongoing research efforts are key to advancing biomarker qualification and validation and developing new in vitro patient-based methods that will help improve DILI diagnosis and move towards a personalized medicine approach.Keywords:
Causality
Expert opinion
Judgement
Abstract My aim in this article is to provide an account of practical judgement, for Kant, that situates it within his theory of judgement as a whole – particularly, with regards to the distinction between the determining and reflecting use of judgement. I argue that practical judgement is a kind of determining judgement, but also one in which reflecting judgement plays a significant role. More specifically, I claim that practical judgement arises from the cooperation of the reflecting power of judgement with the faculty of reason – the former assisting the latter in the application of its principle. I conclude by considering a possible role for feeling in practical judgement.
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The two conflicting traditions of causality in psychology are both represented in the book: the arbitrary tradition of Hume in which causality is learned, and the natural tradition of Michotte, in which causality is directly perceived. Delay evidently affects arbitrary and natural causality differently. Although not affecting judgement in the natural case, in an arbitrary case when humans pressed a lever to produce a light, delay weakened both instrumental responding and judgement of causal relationship. While the judgement of natural causal relations remains untouched, delay weakens the judgements of arbitrary causal relations.
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Abstract Many aspects of Systems Engineering rely on Judgement; that is the benefit of having experienced systems engineers in positions of influence. Judgement, as defined here, is the reliance on experience when making decisions. Making decisions based on Judgement can be risky because the accuracy of the Judgement is unknown. What if there a way to mitigate the risk of using Judgement as a basis for decisions? This paper shows that it is possible to assess a person's Judgement Accuracy based on a simple test that takes less than ten minutes to complete. After testing over two hundred people from two companies and comparing their test results to the accuracy of their Judgements, the test is shown to be a reliable predictor of the a person's Judgement Accuracy. Why is this important for Systems Engineering? If systems engineers are valued for their Judgement, it is important to know when Judgement is accurate and under what conditions. This paper provides a simple method for any organization to determine the Judgment Accuracy and what to do if is not.
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Summary Although in agreement with their conclusions about the importance of clinical judgement, this commentary criticises the way that Downie & Macnaughton defend it in their article. I argue that their defence is both overly limited in its account of the role of judgement and that it employs unnecessarily contentious arguments. I outline the ineliminable role that judgement plays in determining which general diagnostic concepts fit individual patients given their individuality and specificity.
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This book presents a new account of the limited number of basic forms of political judgement, showing how they work with and against each other in shaping decision-making. It offers a fresh causal explanation of these styles of judgement, although it draws upon classical works.
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Chapter 1: Judgement and Science Chapter 2: Judgement in the clinic Chapter 3: Humane Judgement Chapter 4: Judgement in public health Chapter 5: Judgement and resource management Chapter6: Educating judgement: the humanities Conclusion: Clinical Judgement References
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Abstract Although the third Critique is not explicitly concerned with the problem of schematization, it is the main text in which Kant provides sustained consideration of the ways in which imagination might mediate between the various elements of cognition. Indeed, given that the third Critique is a critique of the faculty of judgement, we should expect that it is at least pertinent to the problem of judgement as Kant introduces it just prior to the Schematism chapter. ‘Reflective judgement’ —which is the focus of the third Critique—is best understood as naming not just a species of judgement, but also Kant’s account of the subjective conditions of judgement in general.
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The rationality of value judgement is questioned in the Western countries in the twentieth century. Pointing out the existence of truth judgement, the author takes the viewpoint that value judgement based on fact judgement contains some objective factors, that value judgement has to some extent a common standard, and that the existence development of human society is the maximum principle of all values.
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