Population size, HIV prevalence, and antiretroviral therapy coverage among key populations in sub-Saharan Africa: collation and synthesis of survey data, 2010–23
Oliver StevensKeith SabinRebecca L. AndersonSonia Arias GarciaKalai WillisAmrita RaoAnne F McIntyreElizabeth FearonEmilie GrardAlice Stuart-BrownFrances M. CowanLouisa DegenhardtJames StannahJinkou ZhaoAvi J. HakimKatherine B. RucinskiIsabel SathaneMakini BootheLydia AtuhairePeter NyasuluMathieu Maheu‐GirouxLucy PlattBrian RiceWolfgang HladikStefan BaralMary MahyJeffrey W. Eaton
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Abstract:
Key population HIV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa require epidemiological information to ensure equitable and universal access to effective services. We aimed to consolidate and harmonise survey data among female sex workers, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs, and transgender people to estimate key population size, HIV prevalence, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage for countries in mainland sub-Saharan Africa.Keywords:
Collation
The broad-sensed collation school existing in the Chinese academic chronicle is clear-cut in its viewpoint,and consistent in its evolution.This school spared no efforts to criticize the narrow-sensed collation and bibliography.The drawback of the latter has never ceased to exist and become even more prevalent today than before.The views of the broad-sensed collation and the experience gained from its practice turn out enlightening and remedial in its influence on the present.
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The collation of ancient books by Liu Xiang of the late Western Han Dynasty was a collective project that lasted for over 20 years. From collection to collation, they did a great deal of painstaking and careful job of proofreading and correcting. Many of the classical books people read since then have been the result of their efforts. The guideline, or the “instructive idea”,of their collation was the “main stream” of the thought of their time, i.e. Confucianism. While the large-scale collation contributed to the preservation of the Chinese classics, which was good for the traditional culture research afterwards, it was suspected of bowdlerizing and gave rise to some efforts of distinguishing the falsehoods and doubts from the true.
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The Collation of Lord Shang Book with its fine collation of the trial,is known for meticulous methods.The author had a solid foundation in primary school,and was well versed in the ancient books of Pu rule of the law school,thus in the practice of collating,he gained advantage.In the collation he searched and cited extensively.He pointed out differences in all the text,providing his own choice.Instead of blindly follow-ing the old or rare books,he venturde to doubt,to change loss,to raise a number of creative new ideas.Bold and carefully,he combined school-based management with school on the basis of law.For future generations,his collation not only provides a better reader,but also provides an excellent master copy for future genera-tions of scholars to further study.
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The Poetic Output of YUAN Hao-wen have been done a lot of collation by their predecessors,Mr.YAO Dian-zhong of Shanxi University is an authority who accomplished The Collected Works of YUAN Hao-wen.However,there are also some inadequacy in his works.So the author found some disadvantages of collation and punctuation.This article polishes The Collected Works of YUAN Hao-wen from the above two aspects.One aspect is collation errors,such as 3 errors in collation,8 errors in the book which is best and oldest,25 errors in other books,8 errors because of the similar shapes,13 errors in others,6 errors in words according to his willingness.There are also 4 errors in the aspect of punctuation.
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The essay analyses Mao' commontaries on the book of songs from the angle of collation.The content of collation mainly includes collating the mistaken words,the lost words and the added words in Maozhuan.Chenhuan also collated the mistakes of other books.Concerned the ways of collation,the paper concludes the main ways of collation that is to collate the commentaries according to The Book of songs.At the same time he rested on the materials and accumulated evidence in order to testify the conclusion.
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Background: Sexual risk behaviour is a global health concern.Unsafe sex practices increase the risk of HIV transmission to sex partners.This study assessed the knowledge of HIV transmission and sexual risk behaviours of patients accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in secondary health facility in Nigeria. Methods:In a cross sectional study, a study-specific questionnaire was self-administered to randomly selected 350 out of 5770 patients accessing ART.A midpoint of Likert-type scale was determined; and values above were positive while below were negative.Chi square was used for inferential statistics at 95% confidence interval.Results: Of participants, 57.1% were female and 28.6% aged ≥ 40years old.Knowledge of routes of HIV transmission and risk reduction associated with condom use was negative.Participants had positive attitudes to non-disclosure of HIV sero-status, multiple sex partners and unprotected sexual intercourse.Majority (63.7%) had one sex partner, 16% had >1 sex partners and 12.6% had none.Number of sex partners was associated with sex, marital and occupational status (P<0.05)unlike educational status; 66.2% of those who had one sex partners were married; 56.9% and 46.7% of those who had >1 sex partners were males and retirees respectively.Majority (66.3%) disclosed HIV sero-status to sex partners but only 62.6% knew HIV sero-status of their sex partners.Disclosure was associated with marital status (P<0.05)unlike sex and educational status.Only 28.9% consistently used condom during sexual intercourse; and 67.6% of them were aged >30 years old, while 55.7% were married.Consistent use of condom was associated with marital status and age (P<0.05)unlike educational status. Conclusion:There were poor knowledge of routes of HIV transmission and benefits of condom use.Few participants consistently used condom during sexual intercourse.Majority had one sex partner and disclosed HIV sero-status to sex partners.Ongoing counselling and education should be integrated into HIV prevention strategies.
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ANTIRETROVIRAL AGENTS
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The edition of Nanqishu published in1972by the Zhonghua Press was collated by a famous historian named Wang Zhongluo.The collated edition,with a wide reference to various editions of Naqishu,related historical works and the collation achievements made by the former scholars,is the most academically valued edition we have ever read.Nevertheless,due to historical reasons,the collation of Nanqishu still leaves much to be desired.This paper makes a further study of the remaining problems to supplement the omissions and correct the mistakes of the collation of Nanqishu.
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The edition of the Nan Qi Shu published in 1972 by the Zhonghua Book Bureau which had been collated by a famous historian named Wang Zhongluo who widely consulted different editions of the Nan Qi Shu, related historical books and formers' collation achievements. So it has become the most academic valuable edition. But because of historic account, the collation of the Nan Qi Shu still exits some problems. The thesis makes an advanced probe into the remaining problems to supplement the omissions and correct the mistakes of the Nan Qi Shu's collation.
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Yi Yuan is a famous grotesque novel by Liu Song in Nan dynasty.The language is of strong colloquial color and full of the features of that era.But there are many errors in the pass on texts because of some deviation in understanding and interpreting of it.The latest edition of collation is still rough and needs improving.This essay will discuss some errors in it in order that it will be of help to future collation.
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Zheng Wengzhuo was an important scholar of collation in the late Qing Dynasty.He spent great effort on Meng Chuang Ci.By considering the connotation of text,interpreting the story,comparing the rules of tonal pattern,he made the effective collation to Meng Chuang Ci,and his methods improved the knowledge of collation about ci poem.
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