A Novel Function of GW5 on Controlling the Early Growth Vigor and its Haplotype Effect on Shoot Dry Weight and Grain Size in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Tifeng YangJingfang DongXijuan XiongLongting ZhangJian WangHaifei HuLian ZhouWu YangYamei MaHua FuJiansong ChenWenhui LiShuai NieZiqiang LiuBin LiuFeng WangJunliang ZhaoShaohong Zhang
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Strong early growth vigor is an essential target in both direct seeded rice breeding and high-yielding rice breeding for rice varieties with relatively short growth duration in the double-cropping region. Shoot dry weight (SDW) is one of the important traits associated with early growth vigor, and breeders have been working to improve this trait. Finding stable QTLs or functional genes for SDW is crucial for improving the early growth vigor by implementing molecular breeding in rice. Here, a genome-wide association analysis revealed that the QTL for SDW, qSDW-5, was stably detected in the three cultivation methods commonly used in production practice. Through gene-based haplotype analysis of the annotated genes within the putative region of qSDW-5, and validated by gene expression and knockout transgenic experiments, LOC_Os05g09520, which is identical to the reported GW5/GSE5 controlling grain width (GW) and thousand grain weight (TGW) was identified as the causal gene for qSDW-5. Five main haplotypes of LOC_Os05g09520 were identified in the diverse international rice collection used in this study and their effects on SDW, GW and TGW were analyzed. Phenotypic comparisons of the major haplotypes of LOC_Os05g09520 in the three subpopulations (indica, japonica and aus) revealed the same patterns of wider GW and higher TGW along with higher SDW. Furtherly, the haplotype analysis of 138 rice varieties/lines widely used in southern China showed that 97.8% of the cultivars/lines carry Hap2Keywords:
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Abstract The influence of root and shoot pruning on the growth of transplanted 3-year-old Ilex crenata ‘Convexa’ × I. crenata ‘Stokes’ was determined under various backfill regimes. Root pruning reduced shoot dry weight increment 24% but only reduced root dry weight increment 6%. Root pruning caused water deficits to develop which can quantitatively account for the reduced shoot growth. Shoot pruning reduced root dry weight increment without influencing shoot dry weight increment. Adjustments of the means for altered tissue water content caused by shoot pruning resulted in decreased root and shoot dry weight increment. Root and shoot pruning influenced plant growth directly — by influencing growth mediating processes, and indirectly — by influencing plant water relations. Root growth was influenced primarily by growth mediating processes while shoot growth responded to both growth mediating processes and plant water relations.
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Root (linguistics)
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Abstract The tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L. C.V. Earlirose) to various trace metal excesses was tested to determine if high levels of the trace metals found in some field‐grown plants were at toxicity levels. In one experiment, levels of 2200 μg Zn/g dry weight, 44 μg Cu/g dry weight, 4400 μg Mn/g dry weight, and 32 μg Pb/g dry weight in shoots of young plants had no adverse effects on vegetative yields. A level of 3160μgZn/ g dry weight decreased yields about 40% (P = . 05). In another test 51 μg Cu/g dry weight or 94 μg Pb/g dry weight did not decrease vegetative yields. Boron supplied at 10‐3 MH3BO3 not only caused no toxicity but resulted in only 144 μg B/g dry weight in shoots. Root levels of Zn were about equal to those in shoots; Mn levels were lower in roots than in shoots (1/4 to 1/10); B levels were generally low in both shoots and roots with roots 1/10 that of shoots; Cu levels were higher in roots than in shoots. Rice was tolerant of a high level of Cr. The tolerance of rice to high levels of some trace metals in these experiments may be related to high P levels in plants.
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Being as a plant of cross-pollination,the cultivar identification of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) is more difficult than other self-pollination plant because of the admixture genotypes within a cultivar.A preliminary study on alfalfa cultivar identification was conducted on native cultivars,bred cultivars,and cross cultivars using SSR markers.The results suggest that some nonspecific bands were avoided by using denatured gels for the separating of PCR products;the gene frequency of 148bp band of AFcal loci was much higher in Longmu series cultivars than that in other alfalfa cultivars,by which Longmu cultivars were identified among alfalfa cultivars.However,the gene frequency differences could not be used for other cultivar identification,because the differences among other alfalfa cultivars were small.Thus,it was very difficult to identify all alfalfa cultivars by using limited SSR markers.Some alfalfa cultivars could be identified by using the molecular marker associated with a specific trait of the cultivar.
Medicago sativa
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Effects of water stress and phosphorus on growth of Kentucky Bluegrass were conducted under hydronic culture condition in greenhouse.The results showed that whether there is water stress or not,fresh weights of shoots,dry weights of shoots,dry weights of roots were increased significantly and ratios of roots to shoots were decreased with the increase of phosphorus addition.Increase of fresh weights of shoots,dry weights of shoots,dry weights of roots were inhibited by water stress,and fresh weights of shoots,dry weights of shoots,dry weights of roots,water contents of shoots were decreased significantly and ratios of roots to shoots were increased by water stress at the same phosphorus treatment.The inhibition of water stress on fresh weights of shoots,dry weights of shoots,dry weights of roots of Midnight was smaller than that of Brilliant.
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Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), clonal accession WA-12, collected from Wilcox, Arizona was studied in a greenhouse to evaluate its growth responses in terms of shoot and root lengths, shoot fresh weight, and shoot and root dry weights under control and salt (sodium chloride) stress conditions. Plants were grown under control (no salt) and three levels of salt stress (100, 200, and 400mM NaCl equivalent to 6250, 12500, and 25,000 g L sodium chloride, respectively), using Hoagland solution in a hydroponics system. Plant shoots (clippings) were harvested weekly, oven dried at 60 C, and dry weights recorded. At each harvest, both shoot and root lengths were measured and recorded. At the last harvest, plant roots were also harvested, oven dried, and dry weights were determined and recorded. The results show that the shoot and root lengths decreased with increasing the salinity levels, however, both shoot fresh and dry weights significantly increased at 200mM NaCl salinity compared with the control or the 400mM NaCl level. Root dry weights at both 200mM and 400mM NaCl salinity levels were significantly higher than the control.
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Hydroponics
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Summary Th e quality of the eight local apple cultivars (‘Alvanija’, ‘Kardinal’, ‘Križara’, ‘Majdofi ja’, ‘Muskatnica’, ‘Slastica’, ‘Slatka srcika’ and ‘Punika’) was studied. Cultivar ‘Kardinal’ had the highest fruit mass, and the cultivar ‘Slastica’ had the lowest. Th ere was no signifi cant diff erence in fruit mass between the cultivars ‘Kardinal’ and ‘Majdofi ja’. Cultivar ‘Alvanija’ had the highest fruit height and cultivar ‘Križara’ had the smallest. Cultivar ‘Kardinal’ had the widest fruits, and cultivar ‘Križara’ had the narrowest. Cultivar ‘Alvanija’ had the highest shape index, and cultivars ‘Križara’ and ‘Majdofi ja’ had the lowest. Th e highest fi rmness had cultivars ‘Majdofi ja’ and ‘Slastica’, between which there was no statistically signifi cant diff erence. Cultivars ‘Kardinal’, ‘Križara’ and ‘Punika’ had signifi cantly lower fruit fi rmness but still signifi cantly higher than cultivar ‘Muskatnica’. Cultivar ‘Slastica’ had the highest soluble solids content, and cultivar ‘Križara’ had the lowest. Cultivar ‘Križara’ received signifi cantly lower panelist score for crispness, texture and juiciness than cultivar ‘Majdofi ja’. Cultivars ‘Kardinal’ and ‘Majdofi ja’ received better scores for taste attributes than other cultivars. Panelist scores for fruit shape and general impression were the highest for the cultivars ‘Kardinal’ and ‘Madofi ja’. Th ere was no signifi cant diff erence in panelist scores for fruit size between these cultivars and cultivars ‘Alvanija’ and ‘Križara’. It was concluded that the most promising cultivars are ‘Majdofi ja’ and ‘Kardinal’. However, to fully evaluate their potential, comparison with other cultivars in the standard growing conditions during long-term research is needed.
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A retrospective analysis of the physiological basis of genetic yield improvement should provide us a direction for future yield improvement. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the change in yield in leading rice cultivars that were bred and grown in the Tohoku region in the 20th century, and to find whether apparent photosynthetic rate (AP) is associated with the yield improvement. Ten leading rice cultivars were grown at low- and high-nitrogen conditions, Low-N and High-N, respectively, and three environmental conditions (two years in Sendai and one year in Kashimadai). Yields were higher under High-N than under Low-N in all the cultivars tested, and yield increase was greater in the newly bred cultivars released after 1960s (new cultivars) than in those released before 1960 (old cultivars). The genotypic improvement in yield under High-N was progressive year by year in the old cultivars whereas it was stagnated in the new cultivars. The cultivar difference in AP of the flag leaf one week after heading was small, but that three weeks after heading was larger in new cultivars than in old cultivars except for a few cultivars. A dependence of AP on leaf nitrogen concentration three weeks after heading was evident in the plants grown under High-N. The number of spikelets increased under High-N in all ten cultivars, where the percentage of ripened grains was lower in the old cultivars than in the new cultivars. These results suggest that yield improvement of rice cultivars in the 20th century in the Tohoku region has been accompanied by a greater AP during the ripening stage that might lead to a greater grain filling percentage.
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Plant growth regulators, especially those applied directly to the root system, are thought to significantly reduce growth of the root systems. Various perennials were treated with uniconazole (Concise, Fine Americas, Inc.) to evaluate effects on plant height as well as shoot and root dry weights. Plant height of Lobelia cardinalis was not affected by a 1 ppm uniconazole liner dip, but shoot dry weight was reduced 52% and root dry weight 41% at 8 weeks after treatment (WAT) relative to untreated control, resulting in a root:shoot ratio comparable to the control. A 60 ppm uniconazole spray application reduced plant height of Stokesia laevis ‘Silver Moon’ over 40% at and beyond 4 WAT. Shoot dry weight of these treated plants at 8 WAT was 57% less than that of control plants while root dry weight was reduced 42%. This differential effect on shoots and roots resulted in a root:shoot ratio that was higher than that of the control plants. Reductions in root dry weight appear to correspond to reductions in shoot dry weight but the root:shoot ratio is not generally reduced. Higher root:shoot ratios are associated with better field establishment of transplants so maintenance of comparable root:shoot ratios should indicate comparable establishment rates.
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Herbaceous plant
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