Multi-objective optimization of battery swapping station to power up mobile and stationary loads
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Battery storage
Abstract To reduce global warming, the Electric Vehicles (EV) are more attracting Worldwide for replacement of conventional IC engine vehicle but the main problem is driving range and the cost of EV is very high compared to a conventional vehicle. The driving range is mainly depending on the type of battery and size of the battery pack used in EV, for long driving range more number of batteries are required which automatically increase the weight and cost of EV. An effective battery management system will increase battery life and driving range of the EV with less number of batteries. In battery management system of EV the battery is major component but battery is costly and managing power of the battery is very much essential in EV technology. Majority of the issues can be solved by developing advanced battery management system (BMS) in EV such as, Battery modelling, accurate battery state of charge and state of health estimation, which can provide an exact driving range of EV and charging/discharging strategies work more effectively. This review paper mainly focuses on different battery modelling techniques and existing battery SOC estimation methods, issues and challenges.
Battery pack
Driving range
State of health
State of charge
Electric-vehicle battery
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In EV and HEV, the power battery must capable of performing charge and discharge for longer period of time imply that longer life cycle of the battery. Hence, batteries are required to undergo cyclic battery test. However, the cyclic test is time consuming that will result in long waiting time for the test to complete. Chemical reaction in each battery are varies thus affecting the battery performance. Thus, the need for fully automated cyclic test station is appear. In this paper will focus on the design and development of automation of the battery cyclic tester. An analog output is used to send signal to the driver circuit and energizes relay that control charging and discharging s for each bat battery's charging switch of the battery. A PC based system for testing batteries in a fully controlled environment has to be developed. The system must able to perform fully-automated battery cyclic test. The result, as expected reduces man-hour waiting time during conducting battery testing. In addition of conventional battery cyclic test, it costs a great expense for battery manufacturers to verify battery life cycle. In addition, with this system all parameters involved in battery charging-discharging processes are obtained.
Charge cycle
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According to the basic mechanism of thermal batteries,the heat producing,transfering and releasing during battery discharging were studied.The discipline of temperature variety in the battery could be annalyzed by computer software.Firstly,the battery was divided into reseaus.As the principium of energy balance,the equation of heat transfering during battery discharging was founded;Secondly,the process of heat transfer during the battery discharge was simulated dynamically by the Finite Element Method;At last,the surface and inner temperature of the thermal battery were measured and analyzed during battery discharging.The results show that temperature variety in the battery can be responded correctly during battery discharging.
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In this paper a battery model for life-preserving conditions is developed. For the identified adverse effects, a battery operation range is defined. The operation range is wide enough to obtain good performance of the battery but it also prevents battery malfunctioning and the need of battery replacement decreases. With a close-up operation range, a new mathematical battery model with both accuracy and fast-processed can be determined.
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Based on the theory of the discrete-Markov battery model,the fundamental behavior of the battery is simulated.The result shows that the simulated process is consistent with the deduction.Based on this,the effect of the battery recovery on the battery lifetime and power supply is analyzed.The conclusion is that battery lifetime can be greatly extended by means of pulsed discharge.Then several power management strategies of battery are put forward and their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed according to diverse applications.
Battery capacity
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Aiming at the question of imbalance among the storage battery monomers,a system charging on single battery synchronously was designed。 This charging pattern could ensure the battery monomer full charged,and also prevent the battery monomer from being overcharged,insufficient charged and over discharged。It not only could increase the used effectively,prolong the battery's service life,reduce the environment pollution and the design capacity of battery,but also help to decrease damage ratio of cell and increase use efficiency of one group。
Battery storage
Battery capacity
Service life
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The Ni-Cd battery has been the battery of choice for aircraft use for several decades. There has been an ever increasing demand for a higher reliability, maintenance-free aircraft battery. The Ni-Cd battery industry responded with several new battery designs supporting low or no maintenance. In this paper, the design, charging, and operating trade-offs between a high pressure sealed cell battery, a low pressure sealed cell battery, a low maintenance vented cell battery, and a standard vented cell battery are discussed.< >
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A novel method to monitor dynamically the internal pressure of sealed battery with no damage of the battery by using of resistance strain measurement technique is presented. This technique employs the resistence strain gauges in touch of the battery case and to detect the minimal change in the battery deformation due to the increasing internal pressure, electrode expantion or intrenal temperature rise. Application of the technique for the study of the effects of the battery processing factors on the battery performance is described taking Ni MH battery as example.
Internal resistance
Strain gauge
Strain (injury)
Internal pressure
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본 논문에서는 배터리의 비선형적 방전 특성인 회복효과를 사용하여 배터리의 사용 시간을 연장하는 기법을 제안한다. 일반적으로 배터리의 사용 시간을 예측할 때에는 배터리 내부에 저장된 에너지가 일정하다고 가정하지만, 실제로는 배터리 내부의 화학 반응 때문에 배터리를 계속 방전시키지 않고 중간에 쉬는 시간을 만들어주면 더 많은 에너지를 끌어낼 수 있는데 이를 회복효과라 한다. 제안하는 기법에서는 다수의 배터리 셀을 교대로 방전시킴으로서 기기의 전력 공급은 그대로 유지하면서 배터리 셀 일부를 쉬게 하여 회복효과를 발생시키고, 이에 따라 배터리의 사용 시간을 연장시킬 수 있다. 실험 결과, 2개의 배터리 셀을 기존처럼 병렬 연결하여 방전시키는 것에 비해 배터리 셀을 교대로 방전시키면 배터리 사용시간이 약 7% 증가하였다. This paper proposes a battery lifetime enhancement method based on the nonlinear discharge charisteristics called recovery effect. In general, the stored energy in a battery is considered in the prediction of battery lifetime. However, due to the chemical reaction in a battery, more energy can be drawn from a battery when it is not continuously but intermittently discharged, which is called recovery effect. In the proposed method, several battery cells are alternately discharged, and some battery cells rest while maintaining the system power supply. This makes recovery effect of battery cells, which extends battery lifetime. In the experiment, battery lifetime increases about 7% in the alternating discharge of two battery cells, when compared with conventional parallel discharge.
Charge cycle
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