Benchmark DEBORA: Assessment of MCFD compared to high-pressure boiling pipe flow measurements
Guillaume BoisPhilippe FillionFabrice FrançoisAlan BurlotAsif AliAlok KhawareJay SanyalMarkus RehmBenjamin FargesF. VinaugerWei DingA. GajšekMatej TekavčičBoštjan KončarJean-Marie Le CorreHeng LiRebecca HarlinJustina JaseliūnaitėEmilio BagliettoRobert BrewsterAorong DingDaniel VlčekYohei SatoJinbiao XiongH. WangLUO HanwenL. VyskočilVille Hovi
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A benchmark activity on two-fluid simulations of high-pressure boiling upward flows in a pipe is performed by 12 participants using different MCFD (Multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics) codes and closure relationships. More than 30 conditions from DEBORA experiment conducted by CEA are considered. Each case is characterised by the flow rate, inlet temperature, wall heat flux and outlet pressure. High-pressure Freon (R12) at 14 bar and 26 bar is boiled in a 19.2mm pipe heated over 3.5m. Flow rates range from 2000 kg m−2 s−1 to 5000 kg m−2 s−1 and exit quality x ranges from single-phase conditions to x=0.1 which leads to a peak void fraction of α=70%. In these high pressure conditions, bubbles remain small and there is no departure from the bubbly flow regime (François et al., 2011; Hösler, 1968). However, different kind of bubbly flows are observed: wall-peak, intermediate peak or core-peak, depending on the case considered. Measurements along the pipe radius near the end of the heated section are compared to code predictions. They include void fraction, bubble mean diameter, vapour velocity and liquid temperature. The benchmark covered two phases. In the first phase of the benchmark activities, experimental data were given to the participants, allowing to compare the simulation results and to develop, to select or to adjust the models in the CMFD codes. The second phase included blind cases where the participants could not compare to the measurements. In between the two phases, possible additional model adjustments or calibrations were performed. Overall, the benchmark involved very different closures and a wide range of models' complexity was covered. Yet, it is extremely difficult to have a robust closure for all conditions considered, even knowing experimental measurements. The wall-to-core peak transition is not captured consistently by the models. The degree of subcooling and the void fraction level are also difficult to assess. We were not capable of showing superiority of some physical closures, even for part of the model. The interaction between mechanisms and their hierarchy are extremely difficult to understand. Although departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) was not considered in this benchmarking exercise, it is expected that DNB predictions at high-pressure conditions depend strongly on the near-wall flow, temperature, and void fraction distributions. Therefore, the suitability of the closures also limits the accuracy of DNB predictions. The benchmark also demonstrated that in order to progress further in models development and validation, it is compulsory to have new measurements that include simultaneously as many variables as possible (including liquid temperature, velocity, cross-correlations and wall temperature); also, a better knowledge of the local bubble sizes distributions is the key to discriminate performances of interfacial area modelling (IATE, MUSIG or iMUSIG models, considering for instance the possibility of two classes of bubbles having totally different behaviour regarding the lift force). Following this benchmark impulse, we hope that future activities will be engaged on high-pressure boiling water experiments with a continuation of models' comparisons and development.Keywords:
Multiphase flow
Multiphase flow
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Abstract Capillary pressure can have a significant effect on multiphase flow in heterogeneous and fractured media, even when there is species transfer between the phases. Modeling the combined non-linearities from phase behavior and capillarity in the multiphase flow equations for heterogeneous and fractured media may be one of the most complicated problems in reservoir simulation. In this work, we present an efficient numerical scheme that uses higher-order methods for the first time to model capillarity in fully compositional three-phase flow. We introduce a simple local computation of the capillarity pressure gradients in the fractional flow formulation in terms of the total flux. Complications arising from gravity and capillarity are resolved in the upwinding with respect to phase fluxes. Our choice of the Mixed Hybrid Finite Element Method for the pressure and flux fields is an accurate and natural approach to compute the capillary pressure gradients and fluxes at the interface between regions of different permeabilities. We present various examples on both core- and large-scales to demonstrate powerful features of our capillary pressure modeling and the upwinding with gravity and capillary pressure. The examples include layered and fractured domains.
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With the rapid development of the oil industry, oil-gas-water multiphase mixed transmission has become one of the most important transportation methods in the future. Based on the three-phase medium has different physical and chemical properties, making the mixture exists a mixed interface whose form and distribution are not sure in time and space. The oil-gas-water three-phase mixed transmission process in gathering transportation pipeline is studied by using the multiphase flow VOF model. And its flow pattern is identified. The bubbly flow and plug-like flow which often occurs in the engineering was simulated by studying the influence of initial gas rate on the flow pattern, and the influence of velocity on the bubble distribution in the bubbly flow is analyzed. The simulation results agree well with the theory, and could provide some theoretical guides for engineering applications.
Multiphase flow
Plug flow
Pipe flow
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The occurrence of multiphase flow in the petroleum industry is very common in the transport, production and processing facilities of hydrocarbon from oil and gas fields. In the transport facilities, multiphase flow appears when the produced fluids are transferred for another areas through pipelines. In the production systems, multiphase flow happens, for example, when the fluids inside the reservoirs in deepwater moves until the surfaces through wells, pipelines and risers. Studies about multiphase flow majority are limited to two-phase flows such as: liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-gas and gas- solid, thus involving only two phases. Few works are related to three-phase flow especially through ”T” and ”Y” junctions. These junctions when properly used can contribute significantly in the process of phase separation of produced fluids. In this sense, the objective of this work is to study three-phase flow (water-gas-oil) in T and Y junctions including heat transfer. Simulations were realized usingthe software CFX-3D. Numerical results of the velocity, pressure, volume fraction and temperature distributions of the phases, and effect of the phase viscosities on the separation process are presented and analyzed.
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Isothermal flow
Isothermal process
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Basics of fluid dynamics were discussed in former chapters. But the flow we studied there was a simple one such as only a liquid or a gas. As is well known, materials can change into three forms, gas, liquid, and solid. In industrial instruments like found in chemical and nuclear power plants, flow is more likely to be multiphase than single phase. For example, BWRs involve mixtures of vapor and liquid phases of water. Flow which is composed of more than two phases is called multiphase flow. Figure 11.1 is a schematic representative of multiphase flows. Besides these, liquid-liquid two-phase flow like oil and water is also possible.
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JP2Identification of gas-liquid two-phase flow pattern is widely concerned in the field of multiphase flow research. The relevant method has been used extensively in multiphase flow metering. Many sets of differential pressure fluctuating signals of gas-liquid two-phase pipe flow are obtained by a multiple transducer system via a general multiphase flow experimental facility. Cross correlation functions are computed, and some flow patterns are identified with fuzzy mathematics theory. The results show that this method is feasible.
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Differential pressure
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Oil-water-gas three-phase flows are commonly encountered in various industries such as chemical, nuclear, and petroleum. Compared to two-phase flows, the complex flow structures of oil-water-gas flows pose a significant challenge for flow parameter measurements. In this study, we focused on phase fraction measurement in multiphase flows. Our approach involved establishing a coupled model of oil-gas-water three-phase flow using COMSOL Multiphysics software. This model enabled us to establish the relationship between flow characteristics and the electrical properties of the sensor. By considering the properties of the mixture and its MWS (Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars) effect, we selected appropriate excitation frequencies and equations for the equivalent dielectric constant. We then investigated the phase fraction measurement method based on the MWS effect in multiphase flows. To validate our approach, we conducted simulation tests on the coupled model under different phase fractions and excitation frequencies. The results provide valuable theoretical guidance and technical support for electrical-based phase fraction measurement and the measurement of other parameters in multiphase flows.
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Fraction (chemistry)
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A model of the boiling bubble was presented based on the bubble dynamics.The characteristics of the boiling bubble were studied under both various gravity conditions and various conductive conditions.The departure diameter and the bubbling frequency of the bubble were obtained.The effect of gravity condition and of conductive condition on the characteristics of the boiling bubble was compared.A correlation between the effect of gravity condition and of conductive condition on the characteristics of the boiling bubble was then concluded.With this correlation,the experimental results of the bubble boiling under the terrestrial condition could be extended analogously to instances under the space condition.
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Abstract A numerical model for the analysis of multiphase flow on vertical or slightly inclined wells has been developed. The model calculates flow properties (velocity of each phase, volumetric fraction of each phase, pressure and fluids properties) on gas-oil-water wells as function of depth. Fluids properties are obtained under the assumption of black oil model by means of correlations taken from literature, requiring only petroleum °API and the gas specific gravity as input data. The model may be applied to simulate both liquid flow and gas-liquid flow. In this case, different flow patterns are taken into account: -bubble, slug, dispersed bubble and annular-depending on flow conditions, which are determined from fluid properties and production rates of oil, gas and water. Flow in tubings consisting of several sections with different diameters and inclinations may also be simulated. The model was validated by comparisons of measured and calculated the pressure variation along the well Good agreement was found between the numerically predicted pressure drop and measurements taken from different databases from open literature. As a consequence the proposed model proves to be a reliable tool to describe the flow on oil-gas-water wells. The developed numerical model takes into account the most relevant effects that take place in a production well including multiphase flow, presence of different flow pattern, mass transfer from gaseous to liquid phase and influence of gas-liquid flow pattern on wall friction. Special attention is paid to the velocity profile of each phase along the well. Ishii's model for two-fluid flow is used to prescribe the slip velocity between liquid and gaseous phases and to determine the acceleration term contribution to the pressure gradient. This model is actually being employed for corrosion rate calculations inside production wells.
Slug flow
Multiphase flow
Pressure gradient
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Abstract Phase fraction is one of important indexes to characterize multiphase flow. In order to measure each phase fraction of oil–gas–water three-phase flow, liquid level height is detected by time-of-flight—TOF of reflected ultrasound at gas – liquid interface, while oil phase fraction in reflection path is calculated according to the ultrasound attenuation. By studying interactions between multiphase flow and the ultrasound propagation in certain flow patterns, a prediction model for phase fraction measurement of three-phase flow is proposed based on ultrasound transmission attenuation and reflection TOF in the process of horizontal flow with actual phase distributions. Simulation and experimental results under conditions of oil–water two-phase structure with stratified gas in a horizontal pipe show that the proposed method and the established model can accurately detect gas – liquid interface, so that measure oil, gas, water phase fraction. The mechanism prediction model and the measurement device effectively solve the nonlinear response of the ultrasonic measurement parameter, so that can estimate phase fractions of liquids and gas in two-phase as well as three-phase flows simultaneously, which extends the measurement range and the applicable scope of ultrasonic technique to multiphase flow.
Multiphase flow
Reflection
Fraction (chemistry)
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