Subcritical water extraction of mangrove fruit extract (Sonneratia alba) and its antioxidant activity, network pharmacology, and molecular connectivity studies
Djuhria WonggoChairil AnwarVerly DotulongAlbert Royke ReoNurmeilita TaherRony Abdi SyahputraFahrul NurkolisTrina Ekawati TalleiBonglee KimApollinaire Tsopmo
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Functional foods containing antioxidant molecules can limit the prevalence of various diseases, increase immunity, slow aging, and improve physical appearance. The aim of this study was to use non-toxic to prepare extracts from the Sonneratia alba fruit, determine the phytochemical composition, and assess the biological activity via in silico and in vitro antioxidant capability. Variations in temperatures and times showed that the conditions for best phytochemicals and antioxidant activity were 100 °C and 10 min. The highest values were 23.33 mg quercetin equivalent/g (flavonoids), 1.24 mg tannic acid equivalent/g (tannins), and IC50 = 62.38 ppm (antioxidant activity). Gas chromatography displayed 7 peaks that were attributed to 21 possible compounds. Molecular docking analysis results showed that the mechanism of three of the compounds (1) Ethyl iso-allocholate, (2) Gibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid,2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylene-,1,4a-lactone,10-methyl ester,(1a,2β,4aa,4bβ,10β)-, and (3) Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione,17,21-dihydroxy-,bis(O-methyloxime) could be due to their binding via hydrogen bonding to 3 reactive oxygen species (ROS) proteins (nitric oxide synthases). Subcritical water extract of Mangrove fruit (S. alba) has potential as a functional food that has antioxidant activity in silico and in vitro.Keywords:
Phytochemical
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The importance of mangroves as feeding grounds for fish and other macrozoob-enthos in the Indian Ocean and elsewhere has been a subject of debate. This could partly be due to the fact that studies describing this role have been conducted in mangrove systems that differed in their settings. By using stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen, we investigated two different settings of mangroves along the Tanzanian coast, to establish if mangrove setting influences the extent to which this habitat is utilized as a potential feeding ground by fish. The two mangrove settings were: mangrove-lined creeks which retain water during low tides and fringing mangroves that drain completely during low tides. The δ13C signatures of most fishes from the mangrove-lined creeks were similar to those of food items from the mangrove habitat, which suggests that these fishes feed from the mangrove habitats. In contrast, the overlap in δ13C of some food items from the fringing mangroves with those from adjacent habitats, and the more enriched δ13C signatures of fishes from the fringing mangroves with respect to most typical food items from the mangrove habitat could be an indication that these fishes feed from both habitats but to a lower extent from the fringing mangroves. The results suggest that fishes feed more from the mangrove-lined creeks as compared to fringing mangroves which is probably related to differences in the degree of mangrove inundation. The more or less continuous access provided more time for fishes to stay and feed in the mangrove-lined creeks compared to fishes from the fringing mangroves, which have access to these mangroves only during high tide and have to migrate to adjacent habitats with the ebbing tide.
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Abstract Tannic acid is the most commonly used standard for quantitation of tannins. Tannic acid from five commercial sources (Merck, Sigma, Aldrich, Fluka and Apin chemical companies) was tested towards a redox (Folin‐Ciocalteu method) and a metal complexing (ferric chloride method) assay, and three protein precipitation assays. Tannic acid from various commercial sources behaved differently towards these tannin assays showing that (i) tannic acid preparation differed from source to source, and (ii) tannic acid from different sources as a standard results in different tannin values for a given sample. It is suggested that the source of tannic acid used as a standard should be stated, and the assay values obtained by different workers should be compared with caution.
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Lac dyeing of cotton fabrics pretreated with tannic acid and aluminum acetate was investigated. Five treatment methods (tannic acid alone, aluminum alone, tannic acid -> aluminum, aluminum -> tannic acid, and tannic acid luminum ->tannic acid) before dyeing with lac were compared for their effect on adsorption of the laccaic acid to cotton fabric. The treatment with tannic acid -> aluminum was found to be the most effective for lac dyeing of cotton. It was found that tannic acid enhanced the aluminum adsorption to cotton fabric, and the affinity of aluminum to laccaic acid enhanced the dyeing effect. The adsorption of tannic acid, aluminum and laccaic acid to cotton was quantitatively determined, and the dyeing mechanism was proposed.
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Tannic acid(0.5 ㎎/㎖, 1.0 ㎎/㎖ , 2.0 ㎎/㎖)와 카드뮴(20 ㎎/㎏)을 마우스에 경구투여한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Tannic acid와 카드뮴을 투여한 마우스의 증체량과 음수소비량에 변화가 있었으나, 카드뮴투여에 의한 변화는 tannic acid투여에 의하여 감소되었다. 2. 카드뮴투여에 의하여 간장의 상대중량과 뇌 상대중량이 대조군에 비하여 유의한 변화가 있었으며, tannic acid 1.0 ㎎/㎖투여군에서는 간장의 상대중량, 폐장의 상대중량, 흉선의 상대중량도 유의하게 변화하였다(P<0.05). 3. Hemoglobin contents, packed cell volume, platelet count, neutrophill count등의 혈액학적인 변화는 대조군에 비하여 카드뮴투여군에서 유의한 변화가 인정되었다. 그러나, 이러한 유의한 변화가 tannic acid를 동시 투여한 군에서는 나타나지 않았다. 4. 카드뮴을 투여한 군에서는 혈청학적 변화(ALT, AST, BUN와 creatinine)가 있었으나 tannic acid 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 ㎎/㎖을 동시투여한 군에서는 회복되는 경향이 나타났다. 위의 결과로 미루어 카드뮴 투여에 의한 독성이 tannic acid을 2.0 ㎎/㎖/day 이상 4주간 투여하였을 때 경감효과가 나타날 수 있었다. 그러나, 카드뮴과 같은 중금속의 독성에 tannic acid가 어떻게 경감효과를 나타내는지에 관한 작용기전의 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.
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Abstract Ferroptosis is a recently reported cellular apoptosis form. Screening for safe ferroptosis inhibitors and elucidation of the mechanisms have recently attracted significant attention. In this study, the ferroptosis‐inhibitory activities of gallotannin tannic acid and its parent, 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐ O ‐galloyl‐ β ‐D‐glucopyranose ( β ‐PGG), were comparatively evaluated using an erastin‐mediated bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (bmMSC) model, employing ferrostatin‐1 (Fer‐1) as a positive control. The relative inhibitory levels decreased in the following order: Fer‐1>tannic acid> β ‐PGG. In the radical‐trapping assays, the relative levels decreased in the order of tannic acid> β ‐PGG >Fer‐1. When mixed with ferrous ions, the UV‐visible spectra of tannic acid, β ‐PGG, and Fer‐1 changed. In conclusion, natural tannic acid could undergo radical trapping and ferrous complexation pathways to inhibit ferroptosis in the bmMSCs. In contrast to Fer‐1, which utilized ferrous complexation to initiate its catalytic recycle, tannic acid mediated ferrous complexation to indirectly trap the radicals. The 3’‐ O ‐galloylation reaction enhanced the radical trapping and indirect radical trapping of tannic acid to enhance ferroptosis inhibition.
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