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    Avian Migration-Mediated Cross-Species Transmission and Recombination driving the Diversity of Gammacoronaviruses and Deltacoronaviruses
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    Abstract In the wake of pandemics like COVID-19, which have zoonotic origins, the role of wildlife as reservoirs for emerging infectious diseases has garnered heightened attention. Migratory birds, traversing continents, represent a potent but under-researched vector for the spread of infectious diseases, including novel coronaviruses. This study delves into the genetic diversity and cross-species transmission dynamics of coronaviruses in migratory birds, presenting pivotal findings. From April 2019 to April 2023, we screened 5,263 migratory bird samples collected from Shanghai, China, identifying 317 coronavirus-positive samples belonging to five avian-related coronavirus subgenera and subsequently obtaining 120 complete genome sequences. To facilitate further research with a global perspective, the study curated all currently available 19,000 avian-associated CoVs and expanded the original 12 species to the current 16 species, including three novel coronavirus species identified in our study and one re-classified species from the public domain. The study illuminates the intricate genetic evolution and cross-species transmission dynamics of birds-related coronaviruses on a global scale. A notable aspect of our research is the identification of complex recombination patterns within the spike protein across different virus species and subgenera, highlighting migratory birds as a reservoir of coronavirus. Notably, the coronaviruses found in migratory birds, predominantly from the orders Anseriformes, Charadriiformes, and Pelecaniformes, with domestic ducks from Anseriformes playing a key role in bridging the transmission of coronaviruses between migratory and non-migratory birds. These findings reveal the genetic and recombination characteristics of coronaviruses in migratory birds, emphasizing the critical role of ecologically pivotal bird species in coronavirus cross-species transmission and genetic diversity shaping.
    It has been shown that recombination in λ is accompanied by material exchange of DNA (Meselson and Weigle, 1961; Kellenberger, Zichichi, and Weigle, 1961; Meselson, 1964). In the preceding paper (Kellenberger and Weisberg, this volume) we have demonstrated that, in fact, materialexchange takes place in each of the three separate recombination systems that can be used by λ: the site-specific int system and the general recombination systems red (specified by λ ) and rec (the bacterial recombination system). The mechanism of this exchange and the possible differences existing among the three recombination systems still remain to be elucidated. Meselson (1964) has demonstrated that material exchange in recombination can occur by break and reunion of pre-existing DNA strands. He crossed in light medium two phages labeled with heavy isotopes. Among the recombinants formed in the interval h–c , two markers roughly equidistant from the ends of the linear chromosome (Fig. 1), he found some fully heavy phages. It is now known, however, that about half of the recombinants in the interval h–c are due to the int system (Echols, Gingery, and Moore, 1968; Weil and Signer, 1968). The heavy recombinants in Meselson’s experiment could therefore be due to the int system alone or to either one of the two general recombination systems red and rec, or to any combination of the three. In their first study of material exchange, Meselson and Weigle (1961) studied recombination between the markers c and mi, an interval in which only general recombination is effective. They...
    V(D)J recombination
    Citations (13)
    A diffusion method of investigating surface recombination of atoms by substances of low catalytic power is presented. By this method we have evaluated the coefficient of recombination γ for H and OH on Pyrex for a temperature range of over 500°C. For smaller ranges of temperature we have found the recombination of H on a number of salts, and have found this recombination to be strongly dependent on the dryness of the surface. All salts investigated save KCl strongly recombined H when dry. Salts recombining H could not be investigated for OH recombination. However KCl, which did not recombine H, did recombine OH strongly. A number of strong dehydrogenating and dehydrating agents were tested for differences in H and OH recombination, but no difference was found.
    Atmospheric temperature range
    Citations (192)
    Prophage
    Cre-Lox recombination
    FLP-FRT recombination
    V(D)J recombination
    Lysogenic cycle
    Recombination rate
    Site-specific recombination
    A technique for measuring recombination rates in flames is described and some results showing the effect of temperature, pressure, and the presence of electronegative gases on recombination are presented. Experimental results are compared with predictions based on present-day theories of recombination. Results are interpreted in terms of an ion—ion process with recombination occurring most probably between an OH— and an H3O+ ion. The importance of electron attachment in such a process is emphasized.
    Dissociative recombination
    Recombination rate
    Citations (29)
    The recombination equations for a system containing an arbitrary number of Shockley-Read recombination centers are formulated. Transient solutions are obtained for the decay following the injection of a pulse of carriers into a system containing one or two centers. The specific cases considered include (1) the simple one-center case, which enables us to discuss (a) the situation for a large injection of carriers, (b) recombination through donors in $n$-type or acceptors in $p$-type material, and (c) recombination through centers in the presence of direct recombination; (2) the case of a recombination center with a temporary trap, and (3) the case of two recombination centers.
    Transient (computer programming)
    Trap (plumbing)
    Recombination rate
    Carrier lifetime
    Citations (129)
    The pathways for molecular recombination of oxygen is examined based on quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) calculations of the O3 system described by the 11A' surface of Varga. This study focuses specifically on identifying indirect recombination pathways based on a two-step collision process for dilute gases. The principle of orbiting pairs is discussed, and these intermediate states are found to provide a viable pathway for both Lindemann and Chaperon (indirect) recombination mechanisms. These indirect mechansisms, as well as direct threebody recombination mechanisms, are found to lead to O2 recombination from analysis of the QCT results. The significance of these pathways are discussed, and the overall recombination cross section is found to favor recombination into high-lying internal energy states.
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    The nationally-recognized Susquehanna Chorale will delight audiences of all ages with a diverse mix of classic and contemporary pieces. The ChoraleAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚¢AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚€AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚™s performances have been described as AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚¢AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚€AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚œemotionally unfiltered, honest music making, successful in their aim to make the audience feel, to be moved, to be part of the performance - and all this while working at an extremely high musical level.AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚¢AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚€AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚ƒAƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚ƒAƒÂ‚A‚‚AƒÂƒA‚‚AƒÂ‚A‚ Experience choral singing that will take you to new heights!
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