3D-printed triply periodic minimal surface bioceramic scaffold for bone defect treatment with tunable structure and mechanical properties
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Bioceramic
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The precise structural design and reproducible manufacturing advantages of the 3D printed scaffold make it attract attention in clinical applications. However, the inability of scaffolds to achieve internal and external co-induced vascularized osteogenesis limits their application. After observing the ingenious and functionalized structural combination of "pinecone", this study prepared hydrogel microspheres encapsulating strontium ranelate (SrR)-dendrimer (PAMAM) as a functionalized "pine nuts" through microfluidic technology. The 3D-printed Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold was used as a framework in which hydrogel microspheres and a 3D-printed scaffold were cleverly combined. In this pinecone 3D-scaffold system, the slow release of SrR is beneficial to promote vascularization and osteogenic differentiation inside and outside the scaffold. Furthermore, the rat femoral defect model verified that the pinecone scaffold promoting the formation of internal vascular network, osteogenic differentiation and shortening the bone repair time in vivo. In summary, this pinecone degradable biomimetic composite scaffold with internal osteogenic differentiation and vascular activation functions has great potential for clinical demand in segmental bone defects.
3d printed
Polycaprolactone
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Biomaterial
Bone tissue
X-ray microtomography
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The structure of an osteochondral biphasic scaffold is required to mimic native tissue, which owns a calcified layer associated with mechanical and separation function. The two phases of biphasic scaffold should possess efficient integration to provide chondrocytes and osteocytes with an independent living environment. In this study, a novel biphasic scaffold composed of a bony phase, chondral phase and compact layer was developed. The compact layer-free biphasic scaffold taken as control group was also fabricated. The purpose of current study was to evaluate the impact of the compact layer in the biphasic scaffold. Bony and chondral phases were seeded with autogeneic osteoblast- or chondrocyte-induced bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), respectively. The biphasic scaffolds-cells constructs were then implanted into osteochondral defects of rabbits' knees, and the regenerated osteochondral tissue was evaluated at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Anti-tensile and anti-shear properties of the compact layer-containing biphasic scaffold were significantly higher than those of the compact layer-free biphasic scaffold in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed superior macroscopic scores, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content, micro tomograph imaging results, and histological properties of regenerated tissue in the compact layer-containing biphasic scaffold compared to the control group. These results indicated that the compact layer could significantly enhance the biomechanical properties of biphasic scaffold in vitro and regeneration of osteochondral tissue in vivo, and thus represented a promising approach to osteochondral tissue engineering.
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Abstract Objectives Artificial dermal scaffold (ADS) has undergone rapid development and been increasingly used for treating skin wound in clinics due to its good biocompatibility, controllable degradation, and low risk of disease infection. To obtain good treatment efficacy, ADS needs to be monitored longitudinally during the treatment process. For example, scaffold‐tissue fit, cell in‐growth, vascular regeneration, and scaffold degradation are the key properties to be inspected. However, to date, there are no effective, real‐time, and noninvasive techniques to meet the requirement of the scaffold monitoring above. Materials and Methods In this study, we propose to use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to monitor ADS in vivo through three‐dimensional imaging. A swept source OCT system with a handheld probe was developed for in vivo skin imaging. Moreover, a cell in‐growth, vascular regeneration, and scaffold degradation rate (IRDR) was defined with the volume reduction rate of the scaffold's collagen sponge layer. To measure the IRDR, a semiautomatic image segmentation algorithm was designed based on U‐Net to segment the collagen sponge layer of the scaffold from OCT images. Results The results show that the scaffold‐tissue fit can be clearly visualized under OCT imaging. The IRDR can be computed based on the volume of the segmented collagen sponge layer. It is observed that the IRDR appeared to a linear function of the time and in addition, the IRDR varied among different skin parts. Conclusion Overall, it can be concluded that OCT has a good potential to monitor ADS in vivo. This can help guide the clinicians to control the treatment with ADS to improve the therapy.
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Cell-laden scaffolds are widely investigated in tissue engineering because they can provide homogenous cell distribution after long culture periods, and deposit multiple types of cells into a designed region. However, producing a bioceramic 3D cell-laden scaffold is difficult because of the low processability of cell-loaded bioceramics. Therefore, designing a 3D bioceramic cell-laden scaffold is important for ceramic-based tissue regeneration. Here, we propose a new strategy to fabricate an alpha-tricalcium-phosphate (α-TCP)/collagen cell-laden scaffold, using preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1), in which the volume fraction of the ceramic exceeded 70% and was fabricated using a two-step printing process. To fabricate a multi-layered cell-laden scaffold, we manipulated processing parameters, such as the diameter of the printing nozzle, pneumatic pressure, and volume fraction of α-TCP, to attain a stable processing region. A cell-laden pure collagen scaffold and an α-TCP/collagen scaffold loaded with cells via a simple dipping method were used as controls. Their pore geometry was similar to that of the experimental scaffold. Physical properties and bioactivities showed that the designed scaffold demonstrated significantly higher cellular activities, including metabolic activity and mineralization, compared with those of the controls. Our results indicate that the proposed cell-laden ceramic scaffold can potentially be used for bone regeneration.
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Abstract Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHVs) demonstrates the potential for tissue growth and remodel, offering particular benefit for pediatric patients. A significant challenge in designing functional TEHV lies in replicating the anisotropic mechanical properties of native valve leaflets. To establish a biomimetic TEHV model, we employed melt-electrowriting (MEW) technology to fabricate an anisotropic PCL scaffold. By integrating the anisotropic MEW-PCL scaffold with bioactive hydrogels (GelMA/ChsMA), we successfully crafted an elastic scaffold with tunable mechanical properties closely mirroring the structure and mechanical characteristics of natural heart valves. This scaffold not only supports the growth of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) within a 3D culture but also fosters the remodeling of extracellular matrix of VICs. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that the introduction of ChsMA improved the hemocompatibility and endothelialization of TEHV scaffold. The in vivo experiments revealed that, compared to their non-hydrogel counterparts, the PCL-GelMA/ChsMA scaffold, when implanted into SD rats, significantly suppressed immune reactions and calcification. In comparison with the PCL scaffold, the PCL-GelMA/ChsMA scaffold exhibited higher bioactivity and superior biocompatibility. The amalgamation of MEW technology and biomimetic design approaches provides a new paradigm for manufacturing scaffolds with highly controllable microstructures, biocompatibility, and anisotropic mechanical properties required for the fabrication of TEHVs.
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mechanobiology
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The authors first report the three‐dimensional (3D) structured CeO 2 –PLA scaffold using a 3D printing methodology. The scaffold is prepared by decorating functional metal‐oxide nanoparticles onto the 3D‐printed polylactic acid (PLA) platform via an electrostatic interaction and is applied to the applications for photochemical degradation. As‐designed CeO 2 –PLA scaffold shows high photocatalytic degradation performance toward methyl orange under a light irradation. Furthermore, the CeO 2 –PLA scaffold shows reasonable degradation performance even after it is washed and reevaluated; this result demonstrates the benefit of 3D‐printed CeO 2 –PLA scaffold that it can be recycled several times without losing the catalysts.
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Abstract Two types of scaffolds were developed for tissue engineering of the aortic valve; an electrospun valvular scaffold and a knitted valvular scaffold. These scaffolds were compared in a physiologic flow system and in a tissue-engineering process. In fibrin gel enclosed human myofibroblasts were seeded onto both types of scaffolds and cultured for 23 days under continuous medium perfusion. Tissue formation was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy, histology and DNA quantification. Collagen formation was quantified by a hydroxyproline assay. When subjected to physiologic flow, the spun scaffold tore within 6 h, whereas the knitted scaffold remained intact. Cells proliferated well on both types of scaffolds, although the cellular penetration into the spun scaffold was poor. Collagen production, normalized to DNA content, was not significantly different for the two types of scaffolds, but seeding efficiency was higher for the spun scaffold, because it acted as a cell impermeable filter. The knitted tissue constructs showed complete cellular in-growth into the pores. An optimal scaffold seems to be a combination of the strength of the knitted structure and the cell-filtering ability of the spun structure. Keywords: POLYCAPROLACTONEKNITTINGELECTROSPINNINGAORTIC VALVETISSUE ENGINEERINGSCAFFOLD
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Abstract Three‐dimension (3D) scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration were produced combining three different phases: nanometric hydroxyapatite (HA) was synthesized by precipitation method and the crystals nucleation took place directly within collagen fibrils following a biologically inspired mineralization process; polycaprolactone was employed to give the material a 3D structure. The chemico‐physical analysis carried out to test the material's properties and composition revealed a high similarity in composition and morphology with biologically mineralized collagen fibrils and a scaffold degradation pattern suitable for physiological processes. The micro‐ computerized tomography (micro‐CT) showed 53.53% porosity and a 97.86% mean interconnected pores. Computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) technology was used for molding the scaffold's volume (design/shape) and for guiding the surgical procedure (cutting guides). The custom made scaffolds were implanted in sheep mandible using prototyped surgical guides and customized bone plates. After three months healing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the explanted scaffold revealed a massive cell seeding of the scaffold, with cell infiltration within the scaffold's interconnected pores. The micro‐CT of the explanted construct showed a good match between the scaffold and the adjacent host's bone, to shield the implant primary stability. Histology confirmed cell penetration and widely documented neoangiogenesis within the entire scaffold's volume. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 723–734, 2017.
Polycaprolactone
X-ray microtomography
Bone Growth
Bone tissue
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