Functionalized Thienopyrazines on NiOx Film as Self‐Assembled Monolayer for Efficient Tin‐Perovskite Solar Cells Using a Two‐Step Method
Chun‐Hsiao KuanShakil N. AfrajYuling HuangArulmozhi VelusamyCheng‐Liang LiuTingyu SuXianyuan JiangJhih‐Min LinMing‐Chou ChenEric Wei‐Guang Diau
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Three functionalized thienopyrazines (TPs), TP-MN (1), TP-CA (2), and TPT-MN (3) were designed and synthesized as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) deposited on the NiOx film for tin-perovskite solar cells (TPSCs). Thermal, optical, electrochemical, morphological, crystallinity, hole mobility, and charge recombination properties, as well as DFT-derived energy levels with electrostatic surface potential mapping of these SAMs, have been thoroughly investigated and discussed. The structure of the TP-MN (1) single crystal was successfully grown and analyzed to support the uniform SAM produced on the ITO/NiOx substrate. When we used NiOx as HTM in TPSC, the device showed poor performance. To improve the efficiency of TPSC, we utilized a combination of new organic SAMs with NiOx as HTM, the TPSC device exhibited the highest PCE of 7.7 % for TP-MN (1). Hence, the designed NiOx/TP-MN (1) acts as a new model system for the development of efficient SAM-based TPSC. To the best of our knowledge, the combination of organic SAMs with anchoring CN/CN or CN/COOH groups and NiOx as HTM for TPSC has never been reported elsewhere. The TPSC device based on the NiOx/TP-MN bilayer exhibits great enduring stability for performance, retaining ~80 % of its original value for shelf storage over 4000 h.PVF film prepared by means of extruding casting was cooled in water bath at different temperature,the crystallinity of the film sample was tested by XRD,the desolvation of the PVF film was made at different given temperature and got the curves of the desolvation rate.The results showed the higher the cooling temperature of water bath,the higher the initial crystallinity would be; the lower the initial crystallinity of film,the faster the desolvation rate would be; the crystallinity of film would increase during the desolvation,and the increase of the crystallinity would decrease the desolvation rate simultaneous.
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Biological hydroxyapatite (BHAp) derived from thermally-treated fish bones was successfully produced. However, the obtained biological HAp was amorphous and thus making it unfavorable for medical application. Consequently, this research exploits and engineers the crystallinity of BHAp powders by addition of CaCO3 and investigates its degree of crystallinity using XRD and IR spectroscopy. On XRD, the HAp powders with [Ca]/[P] ratios 1.42, 1.46, 1.61 and 1.93 have degree of crystallinity equal to 58.08, 72.13, 85.79, 75.85% and crystal size equal to 0.67, 0.74, 0.75, 0.72 nm, respectively. The degree of crystallinity and crystal size of the obtained calcium deficient biological HAp powders increase as their [Ca]/[P] ratio approaches the stoichiometric ratio by addition of CaCO3 as source of Ca2+ ions. These results show the possibility of engineering the crystallinity and crystal size of biological HAp by addition of CaCO3. Moreover, the splitting factor of PO4 vibration matches the result with % crystallinity on XRD. Also, the area of phosphate-substitution site of PO4 vibration shows linear relationship (R2 = 0.994) with crystal size calculated from XRD. It is worth noting that the crystallinity of the biological HAp with [Ca]/[P] ratios 1.42 and 1.48 fall near the range 60-70% for highly resorbable HAp used in the medical application.
Crystal (programming language)
Stoichiometry
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Measurements of friction and wear were made on poly (ethylene-terephthalate) (PET) sliding against a smooth steel disk. The friction was little dependent upon crystallinity, while the wear rate increased with increase in crystallinity, especially remarkable in the range above about 40%. It was found that the reciprocal of wear rate was closely related to the Vickers hardness in PET of different crystallinity. The wear of PET with a low crystallinity as small as 8% was mainly due to transfer. On the other hand, wear of high crystallinity PET is different from that of the low crystallinity PET and seemed to be mainly due to a surface fatigue during sliding. The differnce between the mechanisms in PET of low and high crystallinity was essentially due to the differnce in morphological structures.
Poly ethylene
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Crystallinity of polymeric dielectrics is known to be influenced by cross-linking. To study that influence, gel fraction measurements and evaluation of the degree of crystallinity were performed under different cross-linking temperatures using XLPE samples with different DCP concentrations. Furthermore, the influence of antioxidants on XLPE crystallinity was studied. Gel fraction and crystallinity measurements were made of XLPE samples containing different concentrations of DCP and phenolic or sulfur-type antioxidants. The experimental results are used to discuss the influence of antioxidant on cross-linking and crystallinity of XLPE.
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Cross-link
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Polypropylene specimens were made by the injection molding experiments under different processing conditions. The crystallinity of each polypropylene specimen was obtained using the X-ray diffraction method. The effects of the injection molding processes on the crystallinity of polypropylene were revealed: (1) the crystallinity decreases as the melt temperature increases, and the higher the melt temperature, the slower the crystallinity decreases, (2) the crystallinity decreases as the mould temperature increases, and the higher the mould temperature, the faster the crystallinity decreases, (3) the crystallinity increases as the injection speed increases, and the larger the injection speed, the faster the crystallinity increases. By the tensile experiments of the injection molded specimens, it is also found that the crystallinity has a major impact on the mechanical properties of polypropylene. The yield strength and tensile strength of polypropylene specimens increase as the crystallinity increases.
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
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Abstract Crystallinity is an important parameter of thermoplastic polymers. Furthermore, crystallinity is closely related to processing conditions such as temperature and applied shear stress. However, determining the degree of crystallinity is very complicated because of the different interpretations of crystallinity according to each technique. In this paper, we analyze the crystallinity of polyethylene glycol-based composites using two instruments, i.e., X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and wide-angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS). The results showed that with the addition of 60 wt.% silica, the degree of crystallinity revealed by XRD was 81.24%, while WAXS showed a degree of crystallinity of 80.93%. In general, the crystallinity results obtained with WAXS were almost identical, only 0.31% different from the XRD results. This difference in results was due to more presence as a consequence of the broad amorphous halo and background instrumentation exhibited by the higher background from XRD. Thus, the instrument effect must first be removed from the XRD data and it is possible that the amorphous region of the sample will also be reduced and result in a slightly higher crystallinity. At the same time WAXS with the transmission technique will minimize the possibility of background instrumentation. Therefore, WAXS was recommended to analyze the crystallinity of polymer-based and amorphous materials.
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Abstract The crystalline-amorphous ratio, and consequently the degree of crystallinity of polychlorotrifluoroethylene was measured by use of the ratio of observed absorbance of crystalline band at 440 cm.−1 to that of amorphous band at 760 cm.−1. The crystallinity as a function of temperature was measured by this method, and it was in good agreements with that obtained by specific heat methd. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the degree of crystallinity and the specific volume was found, and it leads to extrapolated values of film and 0.4901 and 0.4575 for the specific volumes of completely amorphous and crystalline meterials, respectively.
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