Emerging supersolidity from a polariton condensate in a photonic crystal
waveguide
D. TrypogeorgosAntonio GianfrateManuele LandiniDavide NigroDario GeraceIacopo CarusottoFabrizio RiminucciK. W. BaldwinL. N. PfeifferGiovanni I. MartoneMilena De GiorgiDario BallariniD. Sanvitto
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Abstract:
A supersolid is a counter-intuitive phase of matter where its constituent particles are arranged into a crystalline structure, yet they are free to flow without friction. This requires the particles to share a global macroscopic phase while being able to reduce their total energy by spontaneous, spatial self-organisation. This exotic state of matter has been achieved in different systems using Bose-Einstein condensates coupled to cavities, possessing spin-orbit coupling, or dipolar interactions. Here we provide experimental evidence of a new implementation of the supersolid phase in a novel non-equilibrium context based on exciton-polaritons condensed in a topologically non-trivial, bound-in-the-continuum state with exceptionally low losses. We measure the density modulation of the polaritonic state indicating the breaking of translational symmetry with a remarkable precision of a few parts in a thousand. Direct access to the phase of the wavefunction allows us to additionally measure the local coherence of the superfluid component. We demonstrate the potential of our synthetic photonic material to host phonon dynamics and a multimode excitation spectrum.Keywords:
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Lead halide perovskites exhibit good performance in room-temperature exciton–polariton lasers and efficient flow of polariton condensates. Shaping and directing polariton condensates by confining the potential is essential for polariton-based optoelectronic devices, which have seldom been explored based on perovskite materials. Here, we investigate the trapping of polaritons in micron-sized CsPbBr3 flakes embedded in a microcavity by varying the negative detuning energy (from −36 to −172 meV) at room temperature. The confinement by the crystal edge results in quantized polariton states both below and above the condensed threshold. As the cavity is more negatively detuned (Δ ≤ −118 meV), the condensed polaritons undergo a transition from the ground state to metastable states with a finite group velocity (∼50 μm/ps at Δ = −118 meV). The metastable polariton condensates can be optically and stably driven between different polariton states by simply changing the pump fluence. The manipulations of the polariton states reveal the effective control of polariton relaxation in quantized polariton states by the underlying exciton–polariton and polariton–polariton scattering. Our findings pave the way for novel polaritonic light sources and integrated polariton devices through the trap engineering of perovskite microcavities.
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Abstract We analyzed the features of CARS from polaritons caused by the ability of polaritons to propagate over macroscopic distances in a crystal. The polariton propagation is taken into account by retaining both a driven and a free polariton wave in complete solution of the wave equation for polaritons. It is shown that the polariton propagation can broaden CARS spectra. This broadening originates from the fact that polaritons can escape from the excitation region and the value of the broadening depends on the ratio L θ / L p of the dimension L θ of the excitation region along the coherently excited polariton direction and the mean path of coherent polaritons L p . We also find that when the phase‐matching Δ k a = 0 for the overall anti‐Stokes generation process is not fulfilled, an additional peak in the spectrum of CARS may appear even when the polariton damping is appreciable. These predictions are corroborated by our experimental investigations of CARS from polaritons in a BeO crystal. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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The polariton-polariton interaction strength is an important parameter for all kinds of applications using the nonlinear properties of polaritons, such as optical switching and single-photon blockade devices. In this paper, we review and compare the results of a series of experiments on polariton-polariton interactions in GaAs/Al$_x$Ga$_{-1x}$As microcavity polariton structures, and present new theoretical analysis of these experiments. We show that not just the energy shift of the spectral lines, but also the results of measurements sensitive to the polariton scattering rate are important for the calibration of the interaction parameter at low excitation density. We find that when adjustments are made to correct for new understanding of the experiments, the value of the interaction parameter at low density is lower than previous reported, but still significantly higher than theoretically predicted.
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Photonic crystals(PCs) are periodic dielectric-structure materials with a photonic bandgap for electromagnetic waves.By combining stimuli-sensitive material with photonic crystals,the formed photonic crystals can respond to the external environments,which are named as responsive photonic crystals.Being a new branch of photonic crystals,responsive photonic crystals have attracted considerable attention as applications in sensors,biomedicine,clinical assay,sensor etc in recent years.According to difference of external environments,responsive photonic crystals can be briefly classified into three different types,chemical responsive photonic crystals,physical responsive photonic crystals and biological responsive photonic crystals.In this article,we mainly review the progress in chemical responsive photonic crystals in recent years,including metal ion-responsive,pH-responsive,redox-responsive,glucose-responsive and photochemistry-responsive photonic crystals.
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Nonlinear processes involving polaritons in organic crystalline microcavities are theoretically studied by taking the kinematic polariton-polariton interactions as a source of nonlinearity. The polariton mean-field equations of motion are derived and used to explain the polariton parametric amplifications, which are predicted here for angle-resolved resonant pump-probe experiments in organic microcavities. We show that around zero exciton-photon detuning and for long-wavelength polaritons in a laterally confined microcavity, the polariton kinematic interactions result in a blueshift in the amplified probe field, while for large negative detuning the amplified probe field is redshifted. The parametric amplifications are studied for different processes which include the upper and lower polariton branches.
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The second-order coherence formation in the condensate of polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity is studied. The finite lifetime of polaritons allows to neglect the polariton-polariton interaction at low occupations of the polariton condensate, and the initial stage of condensate formation can be analyzed analytically. Then I discuss the decisive role of polariton-polariton repulsion and other nonlinearities in the suppression of the amplitude fluctuation of the order parameter and the second-order coherence build-up. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
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We demonstrate a novel way to realize room-temperature polariton parametric scattering in a one-dimensional ZnO microcavity. The polariton parametric scattering is driven by a polariton condensate, with a balanced polariton pair generated at the adjacent polariton mode. This parametric scattering is experimentally investigated by the angle-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy technique under different pump powers and it is well described by the rate equation of interacting bosons. The direct relation between the intensity of the scattered polariton signal and that of the polariton reservoir is acquired under nonresonant excitation, exhibiting the explicit nonlinear characteristic of this room-temperature polariton parametric process.
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