Low-Valence Mg2+ Doping Suppresses Irreversible Phase Transition of Sodium-Rich Fluorophosphate upon Additional Na+ Deintercalation
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This study tested the intimacy equilibrium and valence explanations of disclosure reciprocity and liking; 60 female college students were randomly assigned to one of two experimental treatments involving intimacy and valence. Half the subjects in the intimacy condition were assigned for high intimacy treatment; the other half received a low intimacy treatment. These treatments were crosscut by a positive and negative valence manipulation. Subjects were presented with written scenarios that ostensibly described a past event in the life of their partners. The scenarios were manipulated by experimental instruction to affect the following disclosure styles across the four experimental cells: (1) high intimate-positive valence, (2) high intimate-negative valence, (3) low intimate-positive valence, and (4) low intimate-negative valence. An analysis of covariance of disclosure revealed a significant main effect for intimacy, a main effect for valence, and an interaction of these effects. Higher levels of disclosure intimacy occurred in the high intimacy condition than in the low intimacy condition. Positive valence elicited higher levels of disclosure intimacy than negative valence. Finally, these main effect findings were further explained by an interaction in which valence of disclosure altered disclosure reciprocation. There were no significant effects of measures of liking.
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This research adopts a new paradigm of reversal and comparison of adjective valences in order to explore whether self-reference effect is influenced by adjective valences.The 4 categories of conditions comprised by reversal and comparison of the adjective valence demonstrate that: positive and self-reference effect exists in constant reversal and positive valence words superior to negative valence words in experiment 1;self-reference effect is found in reversal and negative valence words superior to positive valence words in experiment 2;positive effect appears in reversal and positive valence words superior to negative valence words in experiment 3;and both self-reference effect and positive effect are not found in reversal and negative valence words superior to positive valence words in experiment 4.The results suggests that the difficulty of experimental tasks exerts impact on the exploration of the relationship between the reversal of adjective valence and self-reference effect,thus charting the path for the separation between value and valence of the adjective valence in the research of self-reference effect.
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This study investigates the main and interaction effects of valence and reviewers’ expertise on behavioral intentions within the context of a hotel on Tripadvisor.com. A 2 (positive vs negative review valence) x 2 (high number vs low number of reviews) factorial design experiment was conducted to assess relations among the variables. The result of the statistical analysis showed a significant interaction effect between valence and the number of reviews on the intention to recommend a hotel. Moreover, significant main effects of valence on the intention to book and recommend were also found. Importantly, positive reviews tended to lead to greater intentions to book and recommend. Also, other conclusions for research and practice are formulated.
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Abstract Emotions are mental states occurring in response to external and internal stimuli and thus form an integral part of an animal’s behaviour. Emotions can be mapped in two dimensions based on their arousal and valence. Whilst good indicators of arousal exist, clear indicators of emotional valence, particularly positive valence, are still rare. However, positively valenced emotions may play a crucial role in social interactions in many species and thus, an understanding of how emotional valence is expressed is needed. Vocalisations are a potential indicator of emotional valence as they can reflect the internal state of the caller. We experimentally manipulated valence, using positive and negative cognitive bias trials, to quantify changes in pig vocalisations. We found that grunts were shorter in positive trials than in negative trials. Interestingly, we did not find differences in the other measured acoustic parameters between the positive and negative contexts as reported in previous studies. These differences in results suggest that acoustic parameters may differ in their sensitivity as indicators of emotial valence. However, it is important to understand how similar contexts are, in terms of their valence, to be able to fully understand how and when acoustic parameters reflect emotional states.
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By using first principles, the p-doping mechanism of two-dimensional GaN with buckled structure is discussed in detail under various doping configurations, including different doping elements, positions, and concentrations. The research implies that difference in electronegativity between three doping elements: Be, Zn, Mg and two-dimensional GaN results in a significant change in atomic structure and charge distribution. When Be, Zn, and Mg atoms are doped at Ga position, doping process in two-dimensional GaN is easier because their formation energies are 1.684, 4.630, and 3.390 eV, respectively, which are lower than doped at N position. In addition, Ga doping site is more favorable for p-type doping because bandgap and work function of two-dimensional GaN are reduced and it would convert into p-type semiconductor when a Ga atom is replaced by dopants.
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This chapter discusses valence changes in rare earth compounds under the influence of pressure, substitution, and temperature and also discusses some of the theoretical ideas that are currently in vogue. The experimental and theoretical aspects of the valence changes mainly in rare earth monochalcogenides have been reviewed by Jayaraman et al., Varma, by Campagna et al., and by Suryanarayanan. Some of the other materials known to exhibit valence fluctuations are discussed along with the monochalcogenides, these include SmB6, EUCu2Si2. Among the compounds, SmB6 has earned certain notoriety as a system exhibiting a change in the valence state; the Sm ions are in the higher valence state at room temperature but change toward the lower state upon lowering the temperature. A number of rare earth alloys and compounds involving Ce, Sm, Eu, Yb and the disilicides (EuM2Si2) where M is Fe, Cu or Ag, undergo valence changes with temperature at ambient pressure and exhibit a fluctuating valence state.
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