Relating Urban Runoff with Soil Moisture, Temperature, Wind Speed and Vapor Pressure Using Artificial Neural Network: A Case Study of Mogadishu in Somalia
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Runoff pollution have become a serious issue in terms of water pollution in porous areas, especially in urban backfilled soil. The transport and distribution of runoff water and nutrients in the surface runoff and the subsurface runoff of backfilled soil runoff systems are determined using simulated rainfall and the results indicate that the flow patterns of runoff are different from those of surface runoff and subsurface runoff. The rate of surface runoff flow increases in the beginning and reaches a stable state with a delay of 10 min to rainfall, while the flow rate of subsurface runoff is consistent during the whole runoff period. Most of the pollutants (90% of total suspended solids, 88% of total phosphorus, and 78% of total nitrogen) are carried in the surface runoff, which directly results in polluting the surface‐receiving water. The results of the present study will provide information related to the management of runoff pollution in the backfilled soil runoff system.
Subsurface Flow
First flush
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Infiltration (HVAC)
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In order to explore the runoff change characteristics in and out of the Dongting Lake Basin,using the annual runoff time series data,time series analysis was performed for nine stream flow gauging stations located at the main rivers of three outlets and Four Rivers(Xiang River,Zi River,Yuan River and Li River) in the Dongting Lake. The concentration degree and concentration period,Mann-Kendall trend test method,variation coefficient method and the runoff anomaly percentage were performed to analysis the annual runoff series of the main control hydrological station in Dongting Lake Area. The results showed that: ① The runoff concentration period of Dongting Lake Area mainly concentrated in June-July of each year,and the maximum runoff time is the end of June and early July. The flood occurred mainly in mid to late July. Runoff period synthetic vector directions are ranged from 103.2° to 190.2°,which can reflect the maximum runoff of the rivers in and out of the lake. The concentration period was in consistent with the actual runoff during the year distribution statistics. ② There is great variation of yearly runoff,with variation coefficient ranging from 0.194 to 0.761. It tells that the runoff stability is poorer. The ratios of extreme values are all above 0.6,and river runoff attenuation is more obvious. ③ Judging from the alternation regularity of runoff,frequency of enormously wet and dry year of Four Rivers Basin is lower than that of normal hydrological year. Namely,the frequency of normal hydrological year is relatively low in Four Rivers Basin. Frequency of enormously wet and dry year of Ouchikou is relatively high,accounted for 32.79% and 57.38% respectively. The interannual variation of runoff is relatively severe,which is not conducive to the rational use of water resources. It also implies that Dongting Lake Area is more frequent to encounter drought and flood disasters. Above conclusions show that the flood of the Dongting Lake is the emergence of flood the three outlets and Four Rivers Basin. But the flood is also controlled by the flood from the upper and middle reaches of Changjiang River. The long-term trend changes of stream runoff are controlled by the variation of climate changes,and impact caused by human activities and water conservancy project construction.
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Since the 20th century , research on forest and slope-runoff yield has achieved a great progress, especial-
ly in China are deeper and wider. Observation experiments are still the absolute predominance. Runoff plot experi-
ments are adopted widely. Forest has influence on the slope-runoff yieldmechanism, slope runoff flow pattern,
runoff yield amount, yield process, yield rainfall critical value, surface runoff and underground runoff division,
and the impacts of litters on slope-runoff yield. In addition, slope-runoff model has been applied in forest hydrolo-
gy.
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A 112 square kilometer research watershed was instrumented to study basic hydrologic processes in the mountainous areas of the Northeastern United States. Within this area the rainfall-runoff relationships are characterized by fast response but relatively low volumes of runoff. There is very little evidence of surface runoff and the partial-area hydrology concept appears to describe the runoff process. A partial area storm runoff process has been described and experimentally verified for an extremely small area in this watershed. This process attributes storm runoff to channel and near channel areas where surface runoff is generated because the groundwater or perched water table has intersected the surface and there is no resulting infiltration. Storm data for nine watersheds have been analyzed and the results demonstrate that the partial area concept can be generalized to large areas. Other data relating to the general hydrology and water balance of this watershed are also described.
Infiltration (HVAC)
Water balance
Vflo
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Surface runoff accounts for much of the phos- phorus (P) input to and accelerated eutrophication of the fresh waters. The environmental fate of P receives increasing attention but the key mechanisms of P transport with surface runoff remain unclear. Through artificial rainfall experiments, characteristics of P loss with surface runoff during simulated rainfall are investigated under the conditions of various slope gradient and rainfall intensity and the factors of influencing are also discussed. Results show that the amount of runoff and sediment increased rapidly in a shorter time after runoff producing, then gradually turned to be stable. It shows significant correla- tion between the runoff volume and sediment. The amount of runoff and sediment increased with the increasing of slope gradient and rainfall intensity. P content in the runoff was higher in the early stage after runoff producing, and then stabilized gradually. Most of the P transformed through the sediment loss.
Intensity
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Intensity
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To reveal the effects of rainfall and runoff-yield conditions on runoff, the abrupt change of the correlation between rainfall and runoff is discussed. Then, according to the correlation between rainfall and runoff with the different rainfall states, the multivariate dynamic regression models of rainfall and runoff are constructed, and the effects of rainfall and runoff-yield conditions on runoff are analyzed. The results show that (1) the correlation between rainfall and runoff changed abruptly in 1980; (2) the rainfall changes lead to runoff reductions, and runoff decreased by 15.79% under the runoff-yield condition Ⅰ from 1959 to 1979, while it decreased by 8% under the runoff-yield condition Ⅱ from 1980 to 2013; (3) the change of the runoff-yield conditions lead to the runoff reduction of 41.16% from 1959 to 1979, while it leads to a decrease in runoff by 35.58% from 1980 to 2013.
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Бұл зерттеужұмысындaКaно моделітурaлы жәнеоғaн қaтыстытолықмәліметберілгенжәнеуниверситетстуденттерінебaғыттaлғaн қолдaнбaлы (кейстік)зерттеужүргізілген.АхметЯссaуи университетініңстуденттеріүшін Кaно моделіқолдaнылғaн, олaрдың жоғaры білімберусaпaсынa қоятынмaңыздытaлaптaры, яғнисaпaлық қaжеттіліктері,олaрдың мaңыздылығытурaлы жәнесaпaлық қaжеттіліктерінеқaтыстыөз университетінқaлaй бaғaлaйтындығытурaлы сұрaқтaр қойылғaн. Осы зерттеудіңмaқсaты АхметЯсaуи университетіндетуризмменеджментіжәнеқaржы бaкaлaвриaт бaғдaрлaмaлaрыныңсaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңқaжеттіліктерінaнықтaу, студенттердіңқaнaғaттaну, қaнaғaттaнбaу дәрежелерінбелгілеу,білімберусaпaсын aнықтaу мен жетілдіружолдaрын тaлдaу болыптaбылaды. Осы мaқсaтқaжетуүшін, ең aлдыменКaно сaуaлнaмaсы түзіліп,116 студенткеқолдaнылдыжәнебілімберугежәнеоның сaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңтaлaптaры мен қaжеттіліктерітоптықжұмыстaрaрқылыaнықтaлды. Екіншіден,бұл aнықтaлғaн тaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктерКaно бaғaлaу кестесіменжіктелді.Осылaйшa, сaпa тaлaптaры төрт сaнaтқa бөлінді:болуытиіс, бір өлшемді,тaртымдыжәнебейтaрaп.Соңындa,қaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaудың мәндеріесептелдіжәнестуденттердіңқaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaу деңгейлерінжоғaрылaту мен төмендетудеосытaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктердіңрөліaйқын aнықтaлды.Түйінсөздер:сaпa, сaпaлық қaжеттіліктер,білімберусaпaсы, Кaно моделі.
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The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
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aim to make the audience feel,
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musical level.AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA Experience choral
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