Frontispiz: Hydrogen‐Bonded Supramolecular Network Enabled Gentle Reprogramming of Liquid Crystal Elastomer toward Evolutionary Robot
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Diene
Ethylene propylene rubber
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Reprogramming during Fertilization Reprogramming during Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Reprogramming with Cell Extracts Reprogramming with Transcription Factors: Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells Conclusion References
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Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) derived from somatic cells represent a powerful experimental tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease phenotype; with prospects to advance medical therapies. They also have significant potential as a renewable source of autologous cells for cellular therapy. Various approaches for PSC derivation from somatic cells have been reported in the literature. The method used for reprogramming is particularly relevant as it may affect the characteristics and quality of PSCs. This review will present an overview of the basic strategies and methods for reprogramming to pluripotency. These strategies will be briefly discussed in the context of how the mechanism of reprogramming could influence PSC characteristics with respect to safety and quality. Aspects of the reprogramming approach that can influence PSC properties, such as culture conditions and donor cell source, are also discussed. Keywords: iPSCs, nuclear reprogramming, pluripotent stem cells, reprogramming, reprogramming strategies, reprogramming technology.
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Regenerative Medicine
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Abstract Polymer molecules containing chemically dissimilar segments have been investigated for many years. Their synthesis and characterization are challenging, and it is evident that their properties are often unusual and useful as witnessed by several books and reviews published on block and graft polymers. In this article we intend to review parts of this rapidly expanding area of polymer research of particular interest in rubber chemistry and technology, namely linear elastomeric block polymers. Sometimes the literature specifies the elastomeric nature of the products, on other occasions it does not. We have arbitrarily included those monomer combinations in which at least one monomer is known to form rubbery homopolymer. Urethan elastomers have been excluded because they have been extensively described elsewhere. In the broadest sense, block polymers are molecules in which two or more chemically dissimilar segments are joined end to end, a feature which distinguishes them from graft polymers. Each segment or block is usually a long sequence of units of a single monomer (A or B or C, etc.), but it may also be a long sequence of randomly copolymerized units (A plus B or C, etc.). Both types are known.
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Regenerative Medicine
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from somatic cells by ectopically expressing a set of reprogramming factors. iPSCs hold tremendous promise for cell replacement therapy, drug discovery, and disease modeling. However, the efficiency of iPSC generation is extremely low and the quality of derived iPSCs is often poor. Many small molecules that are able to improve reprogramming by either modifying epigenetic barriers or targeting signaling pathways have recently been identified. Chemical compounds are a unique tool that can not only facilitate reprogramming but perhaps also improve our understanding of the reprogramming mechanism that allows us to generate safe iPSCs for therapeutic use.
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Epigenesis
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Polyolefin
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Natta
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Abstract I am greatly honored to have been selected to receive the prestigious Charles Goodyear Medal of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society. My work in the rubber field falls into two general areas: (1) early discoveries on the redox emulsion polymerization of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and (2) polyether elastomers. I am perhaps best known for my work on polyether elastomers since I discovered, patented, and helped develop several families of polyether elastomers which were commercialized and are still important speciality elastomers. Most of my talk will be in that area. However, my SBR studies included my first important polymer-science discovery and preceded those who independently discovered the same systems and who were able to develop them commercially to the considerable advantage of our largest volume synthetic rubber, SBR. After briefly reviewing these past areas, I will give you my reflections on what important future developments for the rubber field could arise in the polyether area.
Emulsion polymerization
Synthetic rubber
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Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into a pluripotent state has been achieved with a set of just four transcription factors. Many scientists and medical doctors are trying to elucidate the causes of intractable diseases and discover new drugs using the newest types of technology. Various methods have been developed to produce clinical‐grade fully reprogrammed cells for cell transplantation therapy. Augmenting agents, such as small‐molecules, have been extensively screened to improve the reprogramming efficiency. The molecular mechanisms of reprogramming have been revealed by embryonic stem cell research. The accumulation of knowledge by the pioneers has driven the reprogramming field. In the present article, the contents of gift boxes from the studies of pluripotency to the nuclear reprogramming field are introduced.
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The slow and inefficient of reprogramming of somatic cells in mammals imposes limitations to mechanistic studies and potential clinical translation.The reprogramming progress involves the changes of cellular genes expression,understanding and controlling epigenetic modification is the key to successful reprogramming.Here,we reviewed progresses on epigenetic influences on gene expression,epigenetic control in dedifferentiation and transdifferentiation,the usage of chemical inhibitors and signaling molecules that could either enhance reprogramming efficiency or replace core reprogramming factors in order to benefit the elucidation of reprogramming of somatic cells and provide reference for the formation of pluripotent stem cells induced from differentiated somatic cells with only chemicals.
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Transdifferentiation
Epigenesis
Cell potency
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