Effect of Wall, Roof, and Window‐to‐Wall Ratio on the Cooling and Heating Load of a Building in India
Asim AhmadOm PrakashLakhbir Singh BrarKashif IrshadS M Mozammil HasnainPrabhu ParamasivamAbinet Gosaye Ayanie
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ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of various combinations of walls, roofs, and window‐to‐wall ratios (WWRs) on the cooling and heating loads of residential buildings in India's composite climatic zone. Utilizing EnergyPlus and eQuest simulations, the thermal performance of three building types is analyzed across 32 cases involving two types of walls (W1, W2), roofs (R1, R2), and WWRs of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The results indicate that Case 29 (W2 R2 N2 WWR1), characterized by a north‐facing orientation, square‐shaped design, and a 10% WWR, achieves the lowest cooling and heating loads among all configurations. Specifically, in Building 1, this configuration reduces cooling loads by 26.0% (from 204 to 151 kBTU/h) and heating loads by 28.6% (from 224 to 160 kBTU/h) compared to the highest load scenario, Case 4 (W1 R1 N1 WWR4, west‐facing orientation, square‐shaped design, and 40% WWR). Similar trends are observed for Buildings 2 and 3. These findings underscore the critical role of optimizing building envelope parameters, particularly orientation, shape, and WWR, in achieving significant energy savings. The insights provided by this study can aid architects, engineers, and policymakers in designing energy‐efficient residential buildings.Keywords:
Cooling load
Envelope (radar)
Building envelope
Square (algebra)
Low-rise
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This book results from a Special Issue published in Energies, entitled "Building Thermal Envelope". Its intent is to identify emerging research areas within the field of building thermal envelope solutions and contribute to the increased use of more energy-efficient solutions in new and refurbished buildings. Its contents are organized in the following sections: Building envelope materials and systems envisaging indoor comfort and energy efficiency; Building thermal and energy modelling and simulation; Lab test procedures and methods of field measurement to assess the performance of materials and building solutions; Smart materials and renewable energy in building envelope; Adaptive and intelligent building envelope; and Integrated building envelope technologies for high performance buildings and cities.
Building envelope
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The cooling load calculation of building envelopes is important for building design to realize building energy efficiency. A simplified way to predict the building envelope cooling loads is desperately needed to predict the cooling load of building envelopes with various construction layouts and to predict the energy-saving effect of various reconstruction measures for buildings. In light of this need a simplified calculation model for building envelope cooling loads is proposed in this paper. The model is based on dynamic hourly calculations using EnergyPlus. It considers almost all the thermal factors about the building envelope which may affect the building cooling load and it is studied by dimensional analysis. The equivalent window to wall ratio (EWWR) and building orientation factor are defined to study the building envelope cooling load. The cooling loads of twenty hypothetical buildings with various envelopes are predicated by EnergyPlus. With the results from EnergyPlus the simplified calculation model is developed by MATLAB. Then the newly developed model is validated by two typical actual buildings located in Central-South China. The results show the model is accurate enough to predict the building envelope cooling loads.
Cooling load
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Envelope (radar)
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The purpose of this analysis is to determine "typical" building envelope characteristics for buildings built after 1980. We address three envelope components in this paper - roofs, walls, and window area. These typical building envelope characteristics were used in the development of DOE's Reference Buildings .
Envelope (radar)
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According to the climate characteristics in Chongqing,the paper focus on the relationship between building energy consumption and envelope. Through analysis on the current situation of building envelope,to improve building envelope thermal performace and make indoor thermal more comfortable as well as reduce energy consumption,it put forward some points for insulation control in this region,and discussed several key steps of envelope energy efficiency.
Building envelope
Envelope (radar)
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Envelope cooling load is an important part of building cooling load.Traditional calculation methods to building envelope cooling load require a large number of detailed building information.However,the limited information can only be controlled in the urban planning stage,such as building function,building height,floor area ratio and so on.All of that limits the application of traditional methods.In this paper,the public building is divided into 24 types according to the characteristics of urban planning stage,the different values of building shape coefficient and the window wall ratio.A simple method to estimate public building envelope cooling load is proposed.Take Beijing for example,a simple estimation formula for each type of building is proposed.The relationship between building envelope cooling load and the bottom side of building,building height and shape coefficient is analyzed.
Envelope (radar)
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Cooling load
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The building envelope plays an important role for the contributions to the whole building thermal load, especially for residential houses without significant internal heat gain; hence, it is a critical component for influencing a building's thermal performance. However, the envelope R-value is usually acquired from the original design value, regardless of the thermal insulation degrading that has occurred during the whole long lifecycle. The main reason lies in that, with traditional methods, the in situ envelope R-value is extremely inconvenient to measure. In this study, a simple noninvasive approach was proposed to measure the envelope R-value using the interfacial thermal resistance from the thermal boundary layer between the envelope exterior surface and the ambient air, and the envelope surface temperature measured through the infrared thermal imaging. A field measurement procedure was developed and implemented for a typical detached residential house, along with a widely accepted method using film heat-flux sensors as a validation test. The final results show a good approximation between these two tests, which shows that the proposed method could extend the functions of thermography from only qualitative diagnosis to quantitative measurement on envelope thermal performance.
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The main purpose of this study is to define an optimum slope of the roof that demands minimum cooling load of the building, when the roof is affected by the solar and wind energy. Two different roof shapes were chosen: hip, gabled. The cooling load of building having those roof shapes was calculated through the computer simulation, using DOE program. For the simulation, the angle of the roof and angle of the orientation was changed. In the conclusion of this paper, an optimum slope of the roof which causes minimize cooling load is presented according to the roof shape and orientation. The result of this study could provide a practical design guideline for determining the roof angle for various climatic conditions.
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The building envelope plays a crucial role in saving or consuming energy, depending on the type of the envelope and design. Architects and engineers need to consider many issues when working with envelope designs, including environmental issues, aesthetic appearance, occupant comfort, and view; these aspects make the envelope a multifunctional component, thus the integration approach is the optimal method to address envelope design. In the last decade we have witnessed the inclusion of the kinetic envelope in many typologies of buildings. Many scholars believe the kinetic envelope improves the environmental performance of the building. The purpose of this paper is to review the current practice and development of the kinetic envelope and to investigate its role in the improvement of energy performance in buildings.
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