A multifunctional highly adhesive hydrogel mimicking snail mucus for hemostatic coating
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Penetration (warfare)
Epidermis (zoology)
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Objective To understand the characteristics and rules of the distributions of snails and infected snails in Hu- bei Province.Methods According to the scheme of the Hubei Provincial Schistosomiasis Surveillance,74 schistoso- miasis surveillance sites(villages)were selected and established.The distributions of snails and infected snails were sur- veyed using systematic and environmental sampling.Results In the 74 surveillance sites,the density of living snail was 0.474/0.1 m~2,the density of infected snail was 0.000 51/0.1 m~2,and snail infection rate was 0.107%.The densities of living snail in surveillance village of inner embankment,riverway and preventing wave forest were 0.784/0.1 m~2,0.738/ 0.1 m~2 and 0.673/0.1 m~2,respectively.The density of infected snail in riverway was 0.003 36/0.1 m~2.The infected snails were found out in 2 out of 9 surveillance sites transmission controlled.Conclusion Compared with 2006.the en- demic situation of snail was descended,but the densities of living snail in surveillance village of inner embankment,river- way and preventing wave forest were still high,the density of infected snail in riverway was also high.So snail control, especially infected snail control should be enhanced.
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On nervous ganglion of snail Helix pomatia was shown the effect of dephosphorylated core of 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2',5'-ApApA) on pacemaker electrical activity of RPa2 snail neurons. In experiments, solution of 2',5'-ApApA in concentration 5 x 10(-5) mol/l effected snail nervous ganglion in the course of 2 min then it was washed in the course of 2 hours.
Helix pomatia
Helix (gastropod)
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細胞間接着分子の消失と細胞外基質の分解は癌細胞の浸潤・転移に必須である。E-カドヘリンはカルシウム依存性の細胞間接着因子であるが浸潤型扁平上皮癌ではその発現の低下が報告されている。最近, 転写因子であるSnailがE-カドヘリンの転写抑制因子として同定された。われわれはE-カドヘリンを不均一に発現しているHOC719細胞を見出し, これよりE-カドヘリン陽性細胞 (HOC719-PE) と陰性細胞 (HOC719-NE) を分離・樹立した。HOC719-PE細胞は上皮細胞様形態を呈し, 一方HOC719-NE細胞は線維芽細胞様形態を呈していた。さらに, HOC719-PE細胞に比べて, HOC719.NE細胞は高い浸潤能を有しMMP-2とSnailの発現が高かった。次にSnail発現ベクターをE-カドヘリン陽性細胞にトランスフェクションしてその影響を検討した。A431細胞とHOC719-PE細胞におけるE-カドヘリンプロモーターの転写活性はSnailトランスフェクションにより低下した。Snail安定発現A431細胞は上皮細胞様形態から線維芽細胞様形態に変化し, その浸潤能が上昇した。RT-PCRによる検討の結果, これらの細胞におけるE.カドヘリンの発現は低下し, MMP-2の発現は上昇した。さらにルシフェラーゼアッセイの結果, A431細胞とHOC719-PE細胞におけるMMP-2プロモーターの転写活性はSnailにより上昇することが示された。以上の結果から, Snailは細胞形態を変化させE-カドヘリンとMMP-2の発現を調節することによって, 癌細胞の高度浸潤能獲得過程に関与することが示唆された。
A431 cells
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To understand the status of historical environments of Oncomelania snails in Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province and evaluate the current condition of snail control.The historical files of snail distribution were reviewed, field investigations were conducted, and all the data were analyzed.Totally 7 822 historical snail environments were identified, the total area with snails were 4 252.98 hm2. According to the degree of environment reformation, all historical environments were classified to I, II, III, IV types, and the proportions of the Type I, II, III, IV were 28.3%, 2.4%, 19. 4%, 49.9% respectively. There were 2 snail environments currently, with total area of 3.60 hm2.The snail status has been under well controlling, but most of the historical environments are suitable for snail breeding. Therefore, it is necessary to continue the snail surveillance.
Oncomelania
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The endemic status of schistosomiasis appeared to continuously decrease in China from 2015 to 2019. The snail species Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host involved in the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum, and this snail's geographic distribution is strictly consistent with that of schistosomiasis.The snail's habitats did not decrease significantly in China from 2015 to 2019, and some habitats have been newly detected or recurrent in some regions. Snail habitats among nine counties in Hunan and Jiangxi covered nearly half of the areas with snails.Considering the situation of snail distribution, strategies and measures on snail control should focus on key areas. In addition, study of the origin and causes of the newly-detected snail habitats and recurrent areas with snails needs to be strengthened, and comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent the spread of snails.
Oncomelania hupensis
Oncomelania
Schistosoma
Freshwater mollusc
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Snail intermediate hosts play active roles in the transmission of snail-borne trematode infections in Africa. A good knowledge of snail-borne diseases epidemiology particularly snail intermediate host populations would provide the necessary impetus to complementing existing control strategy. This review highlights the importance of molecular approaches in differentiating snail hosts population structure and the need to provide adequate information on snail host populations by updating snail hosts genome database for Africa, in order to equip different stakeholders with adequate information on the ecology of snail intermediate hosts and their roles in the transmission of different diseases. Also, we identify the gaps and areas where there is need for urgent intervention to facilitate effective integrated control of schistosomiasis and other snail-borne trematode infections. Prioritizing snail studies, especially snail differentiation using molecular tools will boost disease surveillance and also enhance efficient schistosomaisis control programme in Africa.
Schistosoma
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Snail is a key regulator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the key step in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of tumors. Although induction of Snail transcription precedes the induction of EMT, the post-translational regulation of Snail is also important in determining Snail protein levels, stability, and its ability to induce EMT. Several kinases are known to enhance the stability of the Snail protein by preventing its ubiquitination; however, the precise molecular mechanisms by which these kinases prevent Snail ubiquitination remain unclear. Here, we identified ERK3 as a novel kinase that interacts with Snail and enhances its protein stability. Although ERK3 could not directly phosphorylate Snail, Erk3 increased Snail protein stability by inhibiting the binding of FBXO11, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can induce Snail ubiquitination and degradation, to Snail. Importantly, functional studies and analysis of clinical samples indicated the crucial role of ERK3 in the regulation of Snail protein stability in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, we conclude that ERK3 is a key regulator for enhancing Snail protein stability in pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting the interaction between Snail and FBXO11.
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To understand the current status of Oncomelania hupensis snails and the change rules, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the snail control strategy.The data of snails were collected and the factors influencing the changes of snail status were investigated, and all the data were analyzed in Hailing District from 2007 to 2014.There were 18 environments with snails in 17 villages of 3 townships in Hailing District from 2007 to 2014. The snail area was 7.832 4 hm2. Among these environments and snail areas, 6 environments and 2.134 5 hm2, snail area were detected by the village snail investigation groups, and 12 environments and 5.697 9 hm2 snail area were detected by the township snail investigation groups. In addition, in 5 non-endemic villages, 3.126 3 hm2 snail area was found. In 2008, 2012 and 2013, a total of 2.274 0 hm2 snail area was found again.In recent years, the snail situation rises again after schistosomiasis transmission has been interrupted. Therefore, this situation should be paid attention to.[摘要]目的 了解和掌握海陵区钉螺的分布现状和螺情变化规律, 为制定控制钉螺策略提供参考依据。 方法 收集 整理2007-2014年海陵区螺情资料, 统计并分析影响螺情变化的原因。 结果 2007-2014年全区在3个乡 (镇、街道) 7个 村查出有螺环境18处, 有螺面积7.832 4 hm2, 捕获并解剖钉螺数1 715只, 未发现感染性钉螺。各村自查查出有螺环境6 处, 有螺面积2.134 5 hm2, 乡 (镇) 级专业队复查查出有螺环境12处, 有螺面积5.697 9 hm2。5个非流行村查出有螺面积3.126 3 hm2。2008、2012年和2013年复现有螺面积2.274 0 hm2。 结论 血吸虫病传播阻断后螺情出现回升和反复应予以重视。.
Oncomelania hupensis
Oncomelania
Molluscicide
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태양광 모듈에서 snail trail 현상은 실리콘 태양전지의 Ag finger의 갈변 현상으로, 모듈 성능에 큰 영향은 없는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 육안으로 현상 확인 가능하여 태양광 모듈을 설치한 고객들의 문의가 증가하고 있다. 이러한 snail trail 현상은 설치 이후 발생하는 것으로, 태양전지에 발생한 미세 크랙에 의하여 발생하며, 수분, 산소 및 이산화탄소가 관여하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있으나 원인이 명확히 밝혀지지 않은 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 생성과정 및 출력 변화를 확인하기 위하여, 태양광 모듈에 크랙을 발생시킨 후 고온 고습시험(Damp Heat test) 및 옥외 설치를 진행하여 snail trail 현상을 확인하였다. 고온 고습 시험 시 태양광 모듈에 전류를 가하여 가혹한 환경으로 진행하였으며, 이후 옥외 설치를 하여 태양광 모듈의 열화 시험(Light soaking)을 진행하였다. 상기 생성과정별 EL(Electro luminescence) 및 출력 검증을 통하여 snail trail 현상의 원인과 생성 메커니즘을 연구하였다.
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