Mass spectrometry differentiation of sciadonic acid isomers and estimate of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake from fresh and processed duck eggs
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Abstract: Polyunsaturated fatty acids are needed for normal neonatal brain development, but the degree of conversion of the 18‐carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid precursors consumed in the diet to their respective 20‐and 22‐carbon polyunsaturates accumulating in the brain is not well known. In the present study, in vivo 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to monitor noninvasively the brain uptake and metabolism of a mixture of uniformly 13 C‐enriched 16‐and 18‐carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters injected intragastrically into neonatal rats. In vivo NMR spectra of the rat brain at postnatal days 10 and 17 had larger fatty acid signals than in uninjected controls, but changes in levels of individual fatty acids could not be distinguished. One day after injection of the U‐ 13 C‐polyunsaturated fatty acid mixture, 13 C enrichment (measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry) was similar in brain phospholipids, free fatty acids, free cholesterol, and brain aqueous extract; 13 C enrichment remained high in the phospholipids and cholesterol for 15 days. 13 C enrichment was similar in the main fatty acids of the brain within 1 day of injection but 15 days later had declined in all except arachidonic acid while continuing to increase in docosahexaenoic acid. These changes in 13 C enrichment in brain fatty acids paralleled the developmental changes in brain fatty acid composition. We conclude that, in the neonatal rat brain, dietary 16‐and 18‐carbon polyunsaturates are not only elongated and desaturated but are also utilized for de novo synthesis of long‐chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol.
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Milk from 101 mothers living in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) showed a mean lipid content of 33.42 g/l and a fatty acid composition strongly related to the mothers' dietary habits: high proportions of linoleic acid (19.80%), n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.90%), and 8:0– 14:0 saturated fatty acids (26.94%). Conclusion: The proportions of α-linolenic acid (0.45%) and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.44%) were low. The 18:2 /18:3 and n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ratios (53:1 and 5:1, respectively) were well above recommendations.
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Abstract There are two kinds of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) is the parent n‐3 PUFA; it cannot be synthesized by the human body and as a result is an essential fatty acid. The two long chain n‐3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can in principle be synthesized from ALA or obtained from the diet. While the cardioprotective effects of long chain n‐3 PUFA are well established the effects of ALA on the cardiovascular system are more controversial. The Lyon Diet Heart Study which it is claimed provides evidence for beneficial effects of ALA on the cardiovascular system is flawed. The argument that ALA conversion into EPA and DHA provides significant quantities of the two long chain n‐3 PUFA is unsustainable as rates of conversion are too low. To avoid confusion a distinction needs to be drawn between ALA and the long chain n‐3 PUFA. Health claims for foods rich in EPA and DHA cannot be extended to foods rich in ALA nor is ALA a substitute for EPA and DHA in vegetarian diets.
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Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are physiologically important to newborn brain and retina development. This study was designed to analyze the LCPUFA composition of human milk in samples of 30 mothers at day 3, as well as the 4th and 8th weeks of lactation. The results of gas-liquid chromatographic fatty acid analysis are expressed as percentage of all fatty acids detected with chain lengths between 14 and 22 carbon atoms. The results showed C18:1 was the highest concentration in all fatty acid profiles, while C18:2ω-6 was the highest concentration in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids constitute 30.99% of long chain fatty acids in clostrum, 34.29% and 34.70% at the 4th and 8th week of lactation respectively. Monounsaturated fatty acids range from 35.40% in colostrum, to 35.69% and 36.02% of long chain fatty acids at the 4th and 8th weeks of lactation. In addition, polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute 32.17%, 28.36% and 27.31% of long chain fatty acids in colostrum, the 4th and 8th weeks of lactation. In comparison with mature milk, human colostrum was characterized by higher percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially for docosahexaenoic acid. It is concluded that in view of their levels in breast milk, the polyenoic derivatives may play an important role in the newborn development.
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Abstract The evidence for beneficial effects of very long chain (VLC) n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is strong because it is based on the results of adequately powered intervention trials with disease endpoints. This contrasts with the evidence for a detrimental effect of saturated fat on CVD which is weak because such studies have not been carried out. Accordingly, any set of dietary recommendations which attaches more importance to saturated fat intakes than VLC n‐3 PUFA intakes can be questioned. Despite the strength of the evidence there are practical difficulties associated with implementing the recommendation to increase intake of VLC n‐3 PUFA to 1g per day which need to be overcome. These include the acceptability of fatty fish consumption, the presence of methyl mercury in fish at the top of the food chain and declining global fish stocks.
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Introduction and purpose. Long-chain ω-3 PUFAs such as DHA and EPA are often present in high amounts in algae and fish. DHA in particular is crucial for the proper progress and functioning of the cerebrum because it is the main structural component of ω-3 PUFA in the brain. This makes it an indispensable element of the phospholipids of the nervous membrane. The purpose of this article is to present the assistance of Omega-3 acids in the functioning of the nervous system. State of knowledge. The text discusses a literature review focusing on the impact of omega-3 fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for overall health and have been extensively studied for their contributions to human wellbeing and disease management. Recent research indicates their effectiveness in preventing and treating various diseases. Omega-3 PUFAs have been identified as therapeutic agents, particularly in combating inflammatory conditions like cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Material and method. The aim of this article is to present the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids augmentation. We used publications outlining properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the brain, articles presenting the outcomes of polyunsaturated fatty acids were reviewed using the PubMed platform. The review included the keywords “Omega-3 fatty acids”, “DHA”, “EPA”, “PUFA”. Summary. The review managed to present the influence of Omega-3 fatty acids on brain development, aging and a useful addition to the treatment of diseases such as Alzheimer's and drug-resistant epilepsy. By receiving multiple studies, the author confronted various opinions of specialists regarding the approach to supplementation of PUFA. Additionally, the conclusion was that marine fish oils in the appropriate doses do not cause any serious side effects. Considering their broad positive effect on the nervous system, every person should consume them.
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Milk from 101 mothers living in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) showed a mean lipid content of 33.42 g/l and a fatty acid composition strongly related to the mothers' dietary habits: high proportions of linoleic acid (19.80%), n‐6 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.90%), and 8:0– 14:0 saturated fatty acids (26.94%). Conclusion: The proportions of α‐linolenic acid (0.45%) and n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.44%) were low. The 18:2 /18:3 and n‐6/n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ratios (53:1 and 5:1, respectively) were well above recommendations.
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