A Combined Effect of Mixed Multi-Microplastic Types on Growth and Yield of Tomato
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Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles ranging from 1000 to 5000 µm in diameter, posing a growing environmental and health risk. Composting is an excellent way to add nutrient-rich humus to the soil to boost plant development, but it also pollutes agricultural soil with MPs. Previous research has shown that MPs can threaten plant development, production, and quality, hence they must be studied. This study examined how a mixture of three MP types—polyethene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polypropene (PP)—affected greenhouse tomato plant development. MP types were spiked at 1% w/w (MPs/soil) in tomato pots, whereas non-spiked growth medium was the control. Statistical analysis was conducted using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (95% confidence) to compare treatments and controls. Soil spiked with MPs increased chlorophyll content (SPAD), transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, and stomata conductance by 5.16%, 16.71%, 25.81%, and 20.75%, respectively, compared to the control but decreased sub-stomata CO2 concentration by 3.23%. However, MPs did not significantly affect tomato plant morpho-physiological features (p > 0.05). Biochemical analysis of tomato fruits showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction effects of MPs on carotenoid, total flavonoid, and sugar but increased protein, ascorbate, and peroxidase activity. However, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the effects of the combined MPs on total phenolic content. These data imply that whereas MPs did not influence tomato plant physiological and morphological properties, tomato fruit biochemistry was reduced. This raise concerns that an increase in MPs in soils may reduce antioxidant content and negatively affect human health contributing to a decrease in food security.The meaning of the tendency yield was defined by analysing the characteristics of tendency of summer and autumn grain crops in Gansu Province. Base on this a concept of the fluctuant rang of yield was given. The fluctuant rang is made by the lines of the highest yield and lowest yield. Reality yield moves surrounding the tendency yield in the fluctuant rang of yield. Concrete methods for forecast has been given, which not only decreases the extent of result of yield forecast but also improves the accuracy of yield forecast by confining yield change in this narrow rang.
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Reactions of aryl diazonium salts with formaldoxime and acetaldoxime at room temperature gave p-acetylbenzaldehyde (1a) (Yield 25%), p-acetaminobenzaldehyde (1b) (Yield 50%), p-Bromoacetophenone (1c) (Yield 60%), p-nitroacetophenone (1d) (Yield 64%), o-chlorobenzonitrile (2a) (Yield 50～57%) and 2, 4-dinitrobenzonitrile (2b) (Yield 54～64%).Reaction of p-acetaminobenzaldehyde (1b) with aminothiourea gave (TB I) (4). Yield 90%, m. p. 223～224℃.
Diazonium Compounds
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Білім берy қоғaмның экономикaлық дaмyының негізі, әлеyметтік тұрaқтылықтың фaкторлaрының бірі, хaлықтың рyхaни-aдaмгершілік әлеyетінің және интеллектyaлдық өсyінің қaйнaр көзі ретінде бaрлық yaқыттaрдa тaптырмaс құндылық болып есептеліп келеді. Aл қaзіргідей aдaм кaпитaлын қaлыптaстырy мен дaмытy мәселесін шешy негізгі міндет ретінде қaрaстырылaтын зaмaндa хaлықтың білімдік қaжеттіліктері өсіп, жоғaры, ортa aрнayлы, кәсіби қосымшa білім aлyғa үміткерлер сaны aртa түсyде. Бұғaн жayaп ретінде білім берy ұйымдaрының сaлaлaнyы aртып, әртүрлі типтегі оқy орындaрының сaны aртyдa, білім берyдің инфрaқұрылымы, бaсқaрy формaлaры, әдістемелік, ғылыми қызмет түрлері дaмyдa. Олaрды білім aлyшылaрдың жеке сұрaныстaры мен мүмкіндіктеріне бaғыттay күшейтілyде. Осығaн орaй білімнің сaпaсынa қойылaтын тaлaптaр aртып, бұл сaлaның әлеyметпен өзaрa әрекеттестігіне негізделген құрылымдық – қызметтік дaмyының көкейтестілігі aртyдa. Мaқaлaдa «серіктестік», «әлеyметтік серіктестік», «білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік» ұғым- дaрының мәні aшылып, олaрдың қaлыптaсy және дaмy үрдісіне шолy жaсaлaды, жоғaры оқy орындaрындa педaгогтaрды дaярлayдa әлеyметтік серіктестердің әлеyетін пaйдaлaнyдa бaсшылыққa aлынaтын ұстaнымдaр мен тиімді жолдaры сипaттaлaды. Түйін сөздер: серіктестік, әлеyметтік серіктестік, білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік, бірлескен әрекет ұстaнымдaры, әлеуметтік серіктестік әлеуеті. Обрaзовaние является основой экономического рaзвития обществa, одним из фaкторов социaль- ной стaбильности, источником дyховно-нрaвственного потенциaлa и интеллектyaльного ростa людей и во все временa считaлось незaменимой ценностью. И в нaстоящее время, когдa решение проблемы формировaния и рaзвития человеческого кaпитaлa рaссмaтривaется кaк основнaя зaдaчa, рaстyт обрaзовaтельные потребности людей, yвеличивaется количество желaющих полyчить высшее, среднее, специaльное, профессионaльное дополнительное обрaзовaние. В ответ нa это yсиливaется рaзветвленность обрaзовaтельных оргaнизaций, yвеличивaется количество обрaзовaтельных оргaни- зaций рaзличного типa, рaзвивaются инфрaстрyктyрa обрaзовaния, формы yпрaвления, методическaя и нayчнaя деятельность. Yсиливaется их ориентaция нa индивидyaльные потребности и возможности обyчaющихся. В связи с этим повышaются требовaния к кaчествy обрaзовaния, возрaстaет знaчение стрyктyрно-фyнкционaльного рaзвития этой сферы нa основе взaимодействия с обществом. В стaтье рaскрывaется знaчение понятий «пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии», рaссмaтривaется процесс их стaновления и рaзвития, описывaются рyко- водящие принципы и эффективные способы использовaния потенциaлa социaльных пaртнеров в подготовке педaгогических кaдров в высших yчебных зaведениях. Ключевые словa: партнерство, социaльное пaртнерство, социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии, принципы совместного действия, поненциал социального партнерство. Education is the basis of the economic development of society, one of the factors of social stability, a source of spiritual and moral potential and intellectual growth of people and has always been considered an irreplaceable value. And at the present time, when the solution of the problem of the formation and development of human capital is considered as the main task, the educational needs of people are growing, the number of people wishing to receive higher, secondary, special, professional additional education is increasing. In response to this, the branching of educational organizations is increasing, the number of educational organizations of various types is increasing, the infrastructure of education, forms of management, methodological and scientific activities are developing. Their focus on the individual needs and capabilities of students is increasing. In this regard, the requirements for the quality of education are increasing, the importance of the structural and functional development of this sphere on the basis of interaction with society is increasing. The article reveals the meaning of the concepts of "partnership", "social partnership", "social partnership in education", examines the process of their formation and development, describes the guidelines and effective ways to use the potential of social partners in the training of teachers in higher educational institutions. Keywords: partnership, social partnership, social partnership in education, principles of joint action, the potential of social partnership.
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This paper has discussed the effect of different effects on the esterification yield of Fmoc-Tyr(t-Bu)-OH and Wang resin in symmetrical anhydride method, active ester method and 2,6-dichlorobenoyl chloride (DCB) method, respectively. The yield was lowest in symmetrical anhydride method; however, the yield was improved by other two methods. In active ester method, the yield was beyond 90% in DMA, THF, DCM and 45%DMF/THF with small amount of HOBt after 5h; While in DCB method, the highest yield was 99%, which was achieved by THF after 3h. In general, DCB method was the best method of esterification of Fmoc-Tyr(t-Bu)-OH and Wang resin.
Peptide Synthesis
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L-2-methylbutyl-4-hydroxylbiphenyl-4′-carbonylate was synthesized from 4-hydroxylbiphenyl,4-hydroxyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl and chiral alcohol L-2-methylbutanol by three synthesis routes.The total yield was 35.6% by five-step method(etherification,F-C acylation,haloform-reaction,hydrolysis and esterification).The total yield was 50.7% by three-step method(F-C acylation,haloform-reaction and esterification).The yield by one step method was 64.4%.The structures were confirmed by ~1H NMR and IR.
Proton NMR
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Abstract Based on a 1H and 31P nmr study of the interactions of alkyl-phosphonyl dichlorides, RP(O)Cl2, with dialkyl alkylphosphonates, RP(O)(OR)2, a method was developed for the preparation of CH3P(O)Cl2 (R [dbnd] CH3) in 98% yield. This method consists of the slow addition of the phosphonate to an excess of refluxing SOCl2, thus suppressing irreversible side reactions. For R [dbnd] C2H5, a yield of 72% was achieved; for R [dbnd] C4H9 and ClCH2CH2 pure product could not be isolated.
Phosphonate
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2-Amino-6-alkoxypurine is an important intermediate of nucleotide.From guanine,through acylation,chloridization and hydrolysis,2-amino-6-chloropurine(Ⅱ,75.8% yield) was obtained Reaction of Ⅱ with a series of so dium alkoxides gave 2-amino-6-methoxypurine(Ⅲa,96.5% yield),2-amino6-ethoxypurine(Ⅲb,79.6% yield),2-amino-6-isopropoxypurine(Ⅲc,73.2% yield) and 2-amino-6-triflouroethoxypurine(Ⅲd,49.8% yield).The products were characterized by elementary analysis,~1HNMR,MS and IR.Ⅲd was studied emphatically,and the best reaction conditions were:n(Ⅱ)∶n(NaOCH_2CF_3)=1∶5,DMSO as solvent,m(DMSO)∶m(Ⅱ)=13∶1,CuI as catalyst,n(CuI)∶n(Ⅱ)=2∶1 and reaction temperature 160 ℃.
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n Pentyl 4′ Cyano Terpheny could be synthesi zd by F C reaction(yield 80%),reduction(yield 60%),iodination(yield 55%)and cya nidation(yield 60%)of terphenyl.In comparison with the old synthetic routes,the temperature of reduction was changed and the purification of the final compound was simplified.Using this method,the progress was shorted,the operation was easy to operated,and the yield was improved.
Terphenyl
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Abstract Thermal decomposition of the diazonium sulfate derived from N ‐methyl‐(1‐phenyl‐3‐methylpyrazol‐5‐yl)‐2‐aminobenzamide afforded products formulated as 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl[2]benzopyrano[4,3‐ c ]pyrazol‐5‐one (yield 10%), 1,4‐dimethyl‐3‐phenylpyrazolo[3,4‐ c ]isoquinolin‐5‐one (yield 10%), N ‐methyl‐(1‐phenyl‐3‐methylpyrazol‐5‐yl)‐2‐hydroxybenzamide (yield 8%) and 4′‐hydroxy‐2,3′‐dimethyl‐1′‐phenylspiro[isoindoline‐1,5′‐[2]‐pyrazolin]‐3‐one (yield 20%). Decomposition of the diazonium sulfate derived from N ‐methyl‐(1,3‐diphenylpyrazol‐5‐yl)‐2‐aminobenzamide gave products formulated as 7,9‐dimethyldibenzo[ e,g ]pyrazolo[1,5‐ a ][1,3]‐diazocin‐10‐(9 H )one (yield 8%), 4‐methyl‐1,3‐diphenylpyrazolo[3,4‐ c ]isoquinolin‐5‐one (yield 7%) and 4′‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1′,3′‐diphenylspiro[isoindoline‐1,5′‐[2]pyrazolin]3‐one (yield 10%). The spiro compounds 6a,b underwent thermal and acid‐catalysed conversion into the hitherto unknown 2‐benzopyrano[4,3‐ c ]pyrazole ring system 7a,b in good yield. Analytical and spectral data are presented which supported the structures proposed.
Isoindoline
Pyrazole
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