The P-type ATPase gene AHA5 is involved in proanthocyanidins accumulation in Medicago truncatula
Wenbo JiangYan YanShiyao YueJiebing WeiWenxiang LiLiang Yan-xiaXu MinYaying XiaDengxia YiYongxin WangYan ZhaoYuxiang WangJun LiLili NanYongzhen Pang
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Medicago truncatula
Medicago truncatula, a relative of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), has been proposed as a model plant system for study of its interaction with the symbiont Rhizobium meliloti. Differences in M. truncatula and alfalfa may result in distinct symbiosis behaviors for the two hosts when in association with wild-type or mutant bacterial strains. We have found that M. truncatula has a more stringent requirement for syrM and nodD3 than is seen in alfalfa. In particular, the lack of syrM is associated with arrested nodule development.
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Deciphering the mechanisms leading to symbiotic nitrogen-fixing root nodule organogenesis in legumes resulted in the identification of numerous nodule-specific genes and gene families. Among them, NCR and GRP genes encode short secreted peptides with potential antimicrobial activity. These genes appear to form large multigenic families in Medicago truncatula and other closely related legume species, whereas no similar genes were found in databases of Lotus japonicus and Glycine max. We analyzed the genomic organization of these genes as well as their evolutionary dynamics in the M. truncatula genome. A total of 108 NCR and 23 GRP genes have been mapped that were often clustered in the genome. These included 29 new NCR and 17 new GRP genes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses of the novel genes confirmed their exclusive nodule-specific expression similar to the previously identified members. Protein alignments and phylogenetic analyses revealed traces of several duplication events in the history of GRP and NCR genes. Moreover, microsyntenic evidences between M. truncatula and L. japonicus validated the hypothesis that these genes are specific for the inverted repeat-lacking clade of hologalegoid legumes, which allowed dating the appearance of these two gene families during the evolution of legume plants.
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Abstract The perception of rhizobial nodulation factors (NF) by plant NF receptors is crucial for mediating legume nodulation. In Medicago truncatula nodulation, a proposed two-receptor model designates MtLYK3 as an entry receptor, while other LYK proteins, with unidentified functions, may serve as signaling receptors. Here, we generated the single, double, and triple mutants for M. truncatula MtLYK2, MtLYK3, and MtLYK2bis using CRISPR/Cas technology and examined their roles in nodulation. Our findings suggest that all three LYKs possess redundant functions in Medicago nodulation, with their distinct contributions attributed to varying transcription patterns.Our findings also suggest that a one-receptor model with multiple specificities that mediates both signaling and entry responses is more suitable in M. truncatula.
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The expression of genes specific to floral organ is important for the floral organ formation and development in Medicago truncatula.Screening of the genes specifically expressed in M. truncatula flowers and comparing the expression patterns of their orthologous homologous genes among different model plants can provide novel insights into the functions of these genes in controlling the floral organ development in M. truncatula.According to the expression profile data of PISTILLATA (PI), we screened 97 genes specifically expressed in M. truncatula floral organs (ratio≥10 and Z≥7.9).Their homolog genes were also identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, soybean (Glycine max L.), Lotus japonicus, and rice (Oryza sativa L.).The results of comparing the gene expression levels, the gene expression patterns, and the gene functions among these species indicated that the expression variation of the orthologous homolog genes was small in the kindred species and 第 34 卷 was great in distant species.Furthermore, we compared the cis-acting regulatory elements of the genes, which had large expression variation among different plants.These results suggest that the great discrepancy of the orthologous homolog gene expression caused by the different character of cis-element in the promoter region.
Medicago truncatula
Lotus japonicus
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Medicago sativa
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There exists an important interplay between the Auxin Response Factor (ARF) family of transcription factors and the environmental response and symbiotic nodulation in the legume model plant Medicago truncatula. Despite the focus of several prior studies on identification and characterization of ARF genes in M. truncatula, the ARF family still remains to be well characterized. A newly released and reannotated M. truncatula genome has necessitated reassessment of annotated ARF genes, and bioinformatics analysis to discover new ARF genes in the M. truncatula genome. This reassessment also provides an opportunity to leverage the new gene information to probe gene co-expression networks based on publicly available M. truncatula transcriptomic data for functional characterization of newly found ARF members. Using comparative genomics, including sequence alignment and domain analysis, we recently identified eight novel M. truncatula ARF (MtARF) genes that were not reported in earlier studies. Gene co-expression network analysis revealed modules displaying conserved expression patterns, including MtARFs harboring modules. Topological clustering and single enrichment analysis of MtARFs harboring modules highlight the potential functions of novel MtARFs, including nitrogen regulation, nodule initiation, and post-embryonic development linked to a protein packaging and secretory pathway. Although this study was focused on an important regulatory family in M. truncatula, the approach and pipeline developed for identification and functional characterization of this gene family are generally applicable and could therefore be readily adapted to investigate other genes families of interest.
Medicago truncatula
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