Comprehensive Physio-Biochemical Evaluation Reveals Promising Genotypes and Mechanisms for Cadmium Tolerance in Tibetan Hull-Less Barley
Md. Rafat Al FoysalCheng‐Wei QiuJakkrit SreesaengS. A. El-HabashyDelara AkhterShuo ZhangShou-Heng ShiFeibo Wu
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Cadmium (Cd) toxicity in agricultural soil is increasing globally and significantly impacts crop production and food safety. Tibetan hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum), an important staple food and economic crop, exhibits high genetic diversity and is uniquely adapted to the harsh conditions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This study utilized hydroponic experiments to evaluate the genotypic differences in Cd tolerance among 71 Tibetan hull-less barley genotypes. Physiological assessments revealed significant reductions in various growth parameters under Cd stress compared to normal conditions: soil–plant analysis development (SPAD) value, shoot height, root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight, of 11.74%, 39.69%, 48.09%, 52.88%, 58.39%, 40.59%, and 40.52%, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed key traits contributing to Cd stress responses, explaining 76.81% and 46.56% of the variance in the preliminary and secondary selection. The genotypes exhibited varying degrees of Cd tolerance, with X178, X192, X215, X140, and X162 showing high tolerance, while X38 was the most sensitive based on the integrated score and PCA results. Validation experiments confirmed X178 as the most tolerant genotype and X38 as the most sensitive, with observed variations in morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters, as well as mineral nutrient responses to Cd stress. Cd-tolerant genotypes exhibited higher chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis rates, and effective photochemical capacity of photosystem II, along with an increased Cd translocation rate and reduced oxidative stress. This was accompanied by elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), indicating a robust stress response mechanism. These findings could facilitate the development of high-tolerance cultivars, with X178 as a promising candidate for further research and cultivation in Cd-contaminated soils.Chlorophyll b
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Hordeum
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CADMIUM EXPOSURE
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In the contaminative soil of cadmium and zinc,the different concentration of cadmium and zinc influence alfalfa′s quality and cadmium content.The research indicate,when the concentration of cadmium increase,the content of cadmium in alfalfa increase.Zinc depress the absorption of cadmium.The cadmium concentration in soil and alfalfa is a liner response.The low concentration cadmium in soil accelerate the protein,the high concentration cadmium in soil depress the protein,The research indicate: It′s feasible to plant alfalfa in the low concentration of cadmium.
CADMIUM EXPOSURE
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In this study, one strain of fungi identified as Phoma sp. F2 with high ability of cadmium resistance and accumulating the heavy metal was screened from a mineral blende, then removal and adsorptive behavior for cadmium by F2 were studied. We discovered that F2 survived as high concentration as at 2 000 mg· L- 1 of cadmium. When cultured in liquid, cadmium in medium was removed effectively, especially, with highly initial concentration of cadmium, and cadmium content of dried biomass reached 28% . Adsorption of cadmium by dried biomass of F2 was in accordance with stair adsorption kinetics, and kinetic parameters were calculated in the present study. We also found that the adsorption ability of lyophilized biomass was much higher than oven dried biomass. It was suggested that the fungi remove effectively cadmium at wide ranges of pH and cadmium concentrations.
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The time course of cadmium uptake by the roots of intact tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was measured in a nutrient solution with a micromolar cadmium concentration until all cadmium in the medium was exhausted. Exhaustion taking a few hours, cadmium was repeatedly added to the nutrient solution. The initial rate of cadmium uptake was computed for each cadmium addition. This rate sharply increased and ultimately leveled off, the maximum value being about three times higher than the value measured after the first cadmium addition. The stimulating effect of cadmium was associated with an inhibitory effect at higher levels of cadmium concentrations. An increase in the net cadmium influx with time could not be explained by the binding of heavy metal to a fixed number of organic compounds. Conceivably, the production of binding sites could be increased and cadmium might play a part in controlling the rate of sites production.
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Lycopersicon
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Salix has its special characteristic and some uptake and accumulation capacity for cadmium pollution in the environment.Two hybrid Salix clones were used to be tested in water for thirty-four days.The results indicated that cadmium concentration in leaf increased with cadmium mass concentration in solution and time prolonging.When cadmium mass concentration was 0～20(mg/L) in water,cadmium concentration in leaf of two Salix clones was increased slowly before 15 days and fast after 15 days,cadmium concentration increasing in leaf with cadmium mass concentration in solution was different in different Salix clones.The cadmium concentration in different parts of plant is in the order of rootleafstem,cadmium concentration in root of first clone was lower than third clone and first clone was higher than third clone in stem and leaf.When cadmium mass concentration was 0～20(mg/L) in water,the total cadmium uptake in different parts of plant is in the order of rootleafstem.The quantity of cadmium uptake in all parts of first clone was higher than third clone.When cadmium mass concentration was 5(mg/L) in solution,there was a great deal of Cd in root,cadmium concentration in overground of plant was more and more with cadmium mass concentration increasing in solution. The growth in Salix had not been distinctly restrained when the cadmium mass concentration is under 20(mg/L).
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Soil salinity can severely reduce crop growth and yield. Many studies have investigated salinity tolerance mechanisms in cereals using phenotypes that are relatively easy to measure. The majority of these studies measured the accumulation of shoot Na+ and the effect this has on plant growth. However, plant growth is reduced immediately after exposure to NaCl before Na+ accumulates to toxic concentrations in the shoot. In this study, nondestructive and destructive measurements are used to evaluate the responses of 24 predominately Australian barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines at 0, 150 and 250 mM NaCl. Considerable variation for shoot tolerance mechanisms not related to ion toxicity (shoot ion-independent tolerance) was found, with some lines being able to maintain substantial growth rates under salt stress, whereas others stopped growing. Hordeum vulgare spp. spontaneum accessions and barley landraces predominantly had the best shoot ion independent tolerance, although two commercial cultivars, Fathom and Skiff, also had high tolerance. The tolerance of cv. Fathom may be caused by a recent introgression from H. vulgare L. spp. spontaneum. This study shows that the most salt-tolerant barley lines are those that contain both shoot ion-independent tolerance and the ability to exclude Na+ from the shoot (and thus maintain high K+ : Na+ ratios).
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