Proton Transport from the Antimatter Factory of CERN
C. SmorraMarc LeonhardtD. SchweitzerF. AbbassKamran AnjumB. P. ArndtStefan ErleweinSatoshi EndoPaul GeisslerTomoka ImamuraJ. I. JägerB. M. LataczP. MickeFrederik VölksenH. YildizK. BlaumJ. A. DevlinY. MatsudaC. OspelkausW. QuintA. SótérJ. WalzY. YamazakiS. Ulmer
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Basing on the energy conservation, an analysis method on the gravity of antimatter is proposed by investigating the change of potential energy during high energy photon transfers to electron and positron in earth gravity field. Potential energy equations are deducted and proved that the force between matter and antimatter is attractive, and then the force between antimatter and antimatter is proved to be attractive too. So the gravity is attractive without considering matter or antimatter.
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Matter and antimatter are basically almost identical (but for their opposite charges). How come there is practically no antimatter in the Universe? If matter and antimatter were once equally abundant, how come they did not annihilate each other? How come we are here? The baryon (proton plus neutron) to photon ratio. Ribbons in the sky? Almost complete annihilation.
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Abstract As antimatter and its potential to use as an energy source is discovered by modern scientists, there are few reviews to introduce the history and applications of antimatter which is the aim of the paper. This paper provides a brief introduction to how antimatter was discovered and some possible applications of antimatter in the future. In this paper, the physics of antimatter and the creation, storage and using ways of antimatter will be described. After that, I will summarize the feasibility of utilizing the energy from the annihilation of antimatter-matter. And some possibilities of applications based on this energy, like antimatter ships and antimatter factories, will be discussed.
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This article focuses on the fact that a single atom of antimatter—in particular, antihydrogen—may unlock fundamental mysteries of our universe and could lead to revolutionary advances in medicine and space travel. Physicists, through experiments due to begin soon in Geneva, Switzerland, hope to produce a relatively large amount of antihydrogen on a regular basis to compare matter and antimatter. Athena and Atrap share the goal of producing antihydrogen atoms at low energies, in a magnetic trap, and comparing the energy levels and behavior of antihydrogen with hydrogen. The Athena collaboration developed out of an attempt to measure the gravitational acceleration of antiprotons toward Earth. Its experiments, which are to cover a range of considerations, will include studies of gravitational acceleration of antimatter. A tiny asymmetry in the way particles of matter and antimatter decay could help substantiate the belief that, at a somewhat later time after the Big Bang, collisions between the matter and antimatter destroyed all the antimatter but left an excess of matter, from which our universe evolved.
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Although matter and antimatter have equally produced in the universe, physicists cannot find too much antimatter. We show that the main part of the antimatter exists and have located in the disk of the black holes. A ring of the positrons is covered by a ring of the electrons, while both rings have trapped in a strong electric field. The high-density ring of the positrons makes a wall against the gamma-rays. Blocking the gamma-rays by a wall of the positrons makes a photon ring that would be a good sign for finding the exact location of the antimatter ring. The main part of the supermassive objects in the space have made of antimatter.
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Our world is made of matter, but matter has a counterpart called antimatter, in which the subatomic particles (protons and electrons) of antimatter have charges opposite to those of ordinary matter. In an ordinary matter, the protons are positively charged, and the electrons carry negative charges. In antimatter, the antiprotons are negatively charged, while the antielectrons (called positrons) are positively charged. When antimatter and matter ever meet, they annihilate in a flash of light. However, we do not understand why antimatter is as rare as it is actually. The Big Bang should have produced matter just as much as antimatter, but it did not. To solve the mystery, researchers make small amounts of antimatter in the laboratory for finding the difference between antimatter-pair interaction and matter-pair interaction. One recent experiment was performed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) where the atoms of pure gold are smashed together, creating abundant particles of antimatter. The research team led by Prof. Yu-Gang Ma, an APS fellow (http:// www.aps.org/units/dnp/fellowship/ index.cfm) from Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences cooperated with Dr. Aihong Tang from Brookhaven National Lab and other STAR collaborators. For the first time they reported themeasurement of interaction between antiproton pairs, which was published in Nature [1]. This recent research achievement is a big progress among a series of antimatter Proton-proton Cinclusive 1+xpp[Cpp-1]
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The conjecture of Antimatter was first proposed by Schuster in 1889. In 1928, Dirac and others gave theoretical predictions in the equation. After four years, Anderson formally observed antiparticles through experiments. In this paper, we review the antimatter universe model, and sort out the origin of baryons and the matter-antimatter asymmetry. We also outline the main research directions in the field of antimatter, such as matter-antimatter symmetry violation and antimatter inside protons. For those unsolved issues, especially like the ratio of matter to antimatter in the universe, the baryon generation model, the gravitational behavior of antimatter is also summarized. In terms of practical applications, we have summarized some technologies related to antimatter, mainly applied as PET and CT (positron emission tomography and computer tomography), etc.
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