Exploring the efficacy of homeopathic remedies as antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: A revolutionary approach to combating antibiotic resistance
0
Citation
0
Reference
10
Related Paper
The increasing levels of antibiotic resistance was due to the effects of antibiotics.Clinical application of antibiotics could induce the antibiotic resistance in the human microflora, which can become the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, subsequently contribute to more emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in future.This highlights the importance of a controlled use of antibiotics.
Key words:
Antibiotics; Antibiotic resistance; Microbiota; Human microbiome
Cite
Citations (0)
Cite
Citations (1)
Cite
Citations (150)
Antibiotics are known as “lifesaving drugs” and use for the treatment of infectious diseases. The use of antibiotics is not limited with the treatment of infectious diseases but also use prophylactically in other industries such as in livestock and agriculture. Unfortunately, due to extensive use of antibiotics, microbes develop resistance against antibiotics. Aim of the current review is to explore the history, causes, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and alternative to antibiotics by examining the available literature. Antibiotic resistance is rising at an alarming rate and a major threat to the public health. A significant association was found in the antibiotic resistant infections with the level of antibiotic consumption. Inappropriate prescription, lack of awareness among the people and excessive use in the agriculture and livestock sectors are the main causes which are responsible for the resistance of microbes to antibiotics. Various mechanisms are involved in the antibiotic resistance such as mutation in genes, horizontal genes transfer, reduced permeability, alterations in target sites and enzymatic degradation. Furthermore, alternate options i.e. Photodynamic antimicrobial therapy, probiotics, medicinal plants and nanoparticles etc. can be used in health care setups to combat the increasing antibiotic resistant infections.
Cite
Citations (0)
Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials. The term antibiotic resistance is a subset of AMR, as it applies to bacteria that become resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance happens when the germs no longer respond to the antibiotics designed to kill them. That means the germs are not killed and continue to grow. It does not mean our body is resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines.
Cite
Citations (58)
Summary Investigations of antibiotic resistance from an environmental prospective shed new light on a problem that was traditionally confined to a subset of clinically relevant antibiotic‐resistant bacterial pathogens. It is clear that the environmental microbiota, even in apparently antibiotic‐free environments, possess an enormous number and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes, some of which are very similar to the genes circulating in pathogenic microbiota. It is difficult to explain the role of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in natural environments from an anthropocentric point of view, which is focused on clinical aspects such as the efficiency of antibiotics in clearing infections and pathogens that are resistant to antibiotic treatment. A broader overview of the role of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in nature from the evolutionary and ecological prospective suggests that antibiotics have evolved as another way of intra‐ and inter‐domain communication in various ecosystems. This signalling by non‐clinical concentrations of antibiotics in the environment results in adaptive phenotypic and genotypic responses of microbiota and other members of the community. Understanding the complex picture of evolution and ecology of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance may help to understand the processes leading to the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance and also help to control it, at least in relation to the newer antibiotics now entering clinical practice.
Colonisation resistance
Cite
Citations (636)
Nowadays, the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance have become an utmost medical and economical problem. It has also become evident that subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, which pollute all kind of terrestrial and aquatic environments, have a non-negligible effect on the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics have a strong effect on mutation rates, horizontal gene transfer and biofilm formation, which may all contribute to the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms and the evolutionary pressures shaping the bacterial responses to subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics merit to be extensively studied. Such knowledge is valuable for the development of strategies to increase the efficacy of antibiotic treatments and to extend the lifetime of antibiotics used in therapy by slowing down the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Bacterial Genetics
Cite
Citations (93)
While wastewater is understood to be a critically important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance due to the presence of multiple antibiotic residues from industrial and agricultural runoff, there is little known about the effects of antibiotic interactions in the wastewater on the development of resistance. We worked to fill this gap in quantitative understanding of antibiotic interaction in constant flow environments by experimentally monitoring E. coli populations under subinhibitory concentrations of combinations of antibiotics with synergistic, antagonistic, and additive interactions. We then used these results to expand our previously developed computational model to account for the complex effects of antibiotic interaction. We found that while E. coli populations grown in additively interacting antibiotic combinations grew predictably according to the previously developed model, those populations grown under synergistic and antagonistic antibiotic conditions exhibited significant differences from predicted behavior. E. coli populations grown in the condition with synergistically interacting antibiotics developed less resistance than predicted, indicating that synergistic antibiotics may have a suppressive effect on antimicrobial resistance development. Furthermore E. coli populations grown in the condition with antagonistically interacting antibiotics showed an antibiotic ratio-dependent development of resistance, suggesting that not only antibiotic interaction, but relative concentration is important in predicting resistance development. These results provide critical insight for quantitatively understanding the effects of antibiotic interactions in wastewater and provide a basis for future studies in modelling resistance in these environments.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global threat to public health expected to impact 10 million people by 2050, driving mortality rates globally and with a disproportionate effect on low- and middle-income countries. Communities in proximity to wastewater settings and environmentally contaminated surroundings are at particular risk due to resistance stemming from antibiotic residues from industrial and agricultural runoff. Currently, there is a limited quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the evolution of AMR in response to multiple interacting antibiotic residues in constant flow environments. Using an integrated computational and experimental methods, we find that interactions between antibiotic residues significantly affect the development of resistant bacterial populations.
Cite
Citations (0)
The discovery of antibiotic to combat bacterial infections, has been a lifesaving discovery. But, gradually due to more dependency and continuous use of antibiotics, instead of becoming a boon, it gradually tends more towards the negative aspect of development of antibiotic resistance. Eventually, the bacteria started developing resistance to the antibiotics. This has opened the door for researchers to learn more about how antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) evolve and lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The present review focused on the use of two major antibiotics which are widely used now a days (Streptomycin and Oxytetracycline) emphasizing more on the mechanism of development of resistance in the bacteria and their impact on antibiotic resistance. Researchers are also trying continuously to develop some alternative antimicrobial drugs which will have minimum risk of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a risk that must be considered; else, a bleak future awaits
Cite
Citations (0)
The antibiotics are an essential group of therapeutic drugs used to kill bacteria on various levels in the human body. These antibiotics had played a significant role for the treatment as well as the prevention of bacterial infections. The effectiveness of antibiotics against bacterial infections cannot be denied. However, an overuse and misuse of antibiotics, the current poor hygiene and contamination control mechanisms have lead to the improvement of antibiotic resistance.
Anti-microbial or antibiotic resistance is an international public health issue, greatly dominant in the developing countries. Antibiotic resistance is a bacterial adaptation, which allows bacteria to persist regardless of the presence of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a significant risk to human health and is being seen as a global environmental and economic risk. The relationship between bacterial resistance and misuse of antibiotics had been well documented, and was considered to be a major public health problem.
Antibiotics are important to treat the bacterial infections but inaccurately prescription, misuse and overuse of antibiotics are elevating the antibiotic resistance. It is still a significant health problem in developing countries where not many hospitals have facilities for microbiology of clinical isolates which can assign to blind treatment. Change in the bacteriological profile due indiscriminate use of antibiotics has been associated with the appearance of multiple drug resistance strains. Information regarding the antibiotic susceptibility profile is essential in the selection of the most appropriate treatment and can minimize the antibiotic resistance.
Preventive measures should be implemented in true sense to control antibiotic resistance. “Cleanliness is next to Godliness” and hence, clean surroundings as well as clean hands should be ensured. Soaps should be used for hand washing frequently. Awareness campaigns should be promoted and self-medication should be avoided. Antibiotic susceptibility investigations should be carried out for suspected bacterial infections.
Cite
Citations (0)