Developing Iron and Iodine Enrichment in Tomato Fruits to Meet Human Nutritional Needs
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Iron (Fe) and iodine (I) are essential microelements required for a healthy life, with Fe playing a vibrant role in oxygen transport, and I is vital for cognitive development and thyroid function. Global Fe and I deficiencies affect a significant portion of the population worldwide, leading to widespread health concerns, especially anemia, impaired cognitive function, and thyroid disorders. This review not only inspects the potential of agronomic biofortification to enrich Fe and I content in tomatoes, but also highlights its bright future for crop nutrition. It discusses the latest developments in agronomic biofortification methods focused on improving the enrichment of Fe and I in tomatoes, emphasizing practical approaches such as seed priming, soil application, and foliar spray. Notably, the review explores the promising impacts of Fe and I biofortification on growth, yield, and improved fruit quality in tomatoes. Moreover, it offers an in-depth investigation of the efficacy of agronomic biofortification in enhancing the nutritional contents of tomatoes by combining the most recent research findings. It highlights the impact of agronomic biofortification in mitigating micronutrient deficiencies worldwide and its capacity to encourage sustainable agriculture and improve community health by enhancing crop nutrition.Keywords:
Biofortification
Vitamin deficiencies are major forms of micronutrient deficiencies, and are associated with huge economic losses as well as severe physical and intellectual damages to humans. Much evidence has demonstrated that biofortification plays an important role in combating vitamin deficiencies due to its economical and effective delivery of nutrients to populations in need. Biofortification enables food plants to be enriched with vitamins through conventional breeding and/or biotechnology. Here, we focus on the progress in the manipulation of the vitamin metabolism, an essential part of biofortification, by the genetic modification or by the marker-assisted selection to understand mechanisms underlying metabolic improvement in food plants. We also propose to integrate new breeding technologies with metabolic pathway modification to facilitate biofortification in food plants and, thereby, to benefit human health.
Biofortification
Essential nutrient
Metabolic pathway
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Biofortification
Human nutrition
Micronutrient deficiency
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This chapter provides a general overview of the different approaches and opportunities for the biofortification of edible plants to achieve the goal of improving human diet and setting the stage for the eradication or alleviation of malnutrition through sustainable agriculture. To alleviate nutritional issues and nutrient deficiencies, biofortification of edible plants is considered the most appropriate approach. By contrast, biofortification focuses onimproving the nutritional content of region's current agricultural biodiversity, preserving its habits and customs. However, recent development in omics, particularly metabolomics and related techniques, is significantly contributing to deciphering the potential alterations in plants caused by biofortification. Vitamins and micronutrients biofortification of crops through breeding has been considered for decades. This strategy is based on two different approaches: explore the genetic diversity of the existing species by identifying the parental genotypes potentially interesting for crosses and identify the existing varieties or germplasms.
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Field experiments were conducted on wheat to study the effects of foliar-applied iodine(I) alone, Zn (zinc) alone, and a micronutrient cocktail solution containing I, Zn, Se (selenium), and Fe (iron) on grain yield and grain concentrations of micronutrients. Plants were grown over 2 years in China, India, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, and Turkey. Grain-Zn was increased from 28.6 mg kg–1 to 46.0 mg–1 kg with Zn-spray and 47.1 mg–1 kg with micronutrient cocktail spray. Foliar-applied I and micronutrient cocktail increased grain I from 24 μg kg–1 to 361 μg kg–1 and 249 μg kg–1, respectively. Micronutrient cocktail also increased grain-Se from 90 μg kg–1 to 338 μg kg–1 in all countries. Average increase in grain-Fe by micronutrient cocktail solution was about 12%. The results obtained demonstrated that foliar application of a cocktail micronutrient solution represents an effective strategy to biofortify wheat simultaneously with Zn, I, Se and partly with Fe without yield trade-off in wheat.
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Micronutrient deficiency
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Biofortification
Germ plasm
Micronutrient deficiency
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Abstract Plants are the ultimate source of iron in our diet, either directly as staple crops and vegetables or indirectly via animal fodder. Increasing the iron concentration of edible parts of plants, known as biofortification, is seen as a sustainable approach to alleviate iron deficiency which is a major global health issue. Advances in sequencing and gene technology are accelerating both forward and reverse genetic approaches. In this review, we summarize recent progress in iron biofortification using conventional plant breeding or transgenics. Interestingly, some of the gene targets already used for transgenic approaches are also identified as genetic factors for high iron in genome-wide association studies. Several quantitative trait loci and transgenes increase both iron and zinc, due to overlap in transporters and chelators for these two mineral micronutrients. Research efforts are predominantly aimed at increasing the total concentration of iron but enhancing its bioavailability is also addressed. In particular, increased biosynthesis of the metal chelator nicotianamine increases iron and zinc levels and improves bioavailability. The achievements to date are very promising in being able to provide sufficient iron in diets with less reliance on meat to feed a growing world population.
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Fodder
Plant Breeding
Micronutrient deficiency
Staple food
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Biofortification has been used to improve micronutrient contents in crops for human consumption. In under-developed regions, it is important to fortify crops so that people can obtain essential micronutrients despite the limited variety in their diets. In wealthy societies, fortified crops are regarded as a “greener” choice for health supplements. Biofortification is also used in crops to boost the contents of other non-essential secondary metabolites which are considered beneficial to human health. Breeding of elite germplasms and metabolic engineering are common approaches to fortifying crops. However, the time required for breeding and the acceptance of genetically modified crops by the public have presented significant hurdles. As an alternative approach, microbe-mediated biofortification has not received the attention it deserves, despite having great potential. It has been reported that the inoculation of soil or crops with rhizospheric or endophytic microbes, respectively, can enhance the micronutrient contents in various plant tissues including roots, leaves and fruits. In this review, we highlight the applications of microbes as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for biofortification by improving the mineral, vitamin, and beneficial secondary metabolite contents in crops through naturally occurring processes. In addition, the complex plant–microbe interactions involved in biofortification are also addressed.
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Increasing the amount of micronutrients in diets across the world is crucial to improving world health. Numerous methods can accomplish this such as the biofortification of food through biotechnology, conventional breeding, and agronomic approaches. Of these, biofortification methods, conventional breeding, and agronomic approaches are currently globally accepted and, therefore, should be the primary focus of research efforts. This review synthesizes the current literature regarding the state of biofortified foods through conventional breeding and agronomic approaches for crops. Additionally, the benefits and limitations for all described approaches are discussed, allowing us to identify key areas of research that are still required to increase the efficacy of these methods. The information provided here should provide a basal knowledge for global efforts that are combating micronutrient deficiencies.
Biofortification
Micronutrient deficiency
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Micronutrients are essential for plant growth because they serve as catalysts for a variety of organic reactions occurring inside the plant. But it is observed that the red, lateritic and associated soils of eastern India are acidic in soil reaction, light textured, low organic matter and P and are often deficient in S and micronutrients like Zn, B, Mo. Bio-fortification is a rapidly emerging strategy to address micronutrient malnutrition, but as an agricultural strategy with health objectives, it faces unique challenges especially when Zinc (Zn) deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake is a global nutritional problem in human populations, especially in developing countries. Agronomic biofortification or ferti-fortification is one such way of incorporating adequate amount of micronutrients in different food crops. Many professional researchers around the world are still working to mitigate this micronutrient deficiencies in crop and human and incorporate micronutrients through dietary intake of vegetable crops.
Biofortification
Food fortification
Micronutrient deficiency
Human nutrition
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Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop that provides >20% of the global calorie intake. Bread wheat contains micronutrients, and thus plays a significant role in nutritional and food securities especially in developing countries. However, its grains are inherently deficient in some micronutrients, particularly iron and zinc, which makes them important biofortification targets. Our objective was to investigate variations in micronutrients and their relationship with grain yield components in wheat under four environments in South Africa. A population of 139 doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between cvv. Tugela-DN and Elands was phenotyped for grain iron and grain zinc concentrations and grain yield components. Heat and drought conditions at Arlington resulted in higher grain zinc concentrations and lower yield component traits; the opposite trend was observed at Bethlehem and Harrismith for both micronutrients and yield components. All traits showed transgressive segregation. Grain iron and zinc concentrations were significantly positively correlated in all four environments. The correlations between these minerals and yield components were inconsistent and ranged from significant to insignificant depending on the environment, indicating that this relationship is non-genetic. The results demonstrate that biofortification of both grain iron and grain zinc can be included as part of the breeding objectives and will not necessarily have adverse relationships with grain yield components.
Biofortification
Doubled haploidy
Plant Breeding
Micronutrient deficiency
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