A bimetric cosmological model based on Andreï Sakharov’s twin universe approach
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Abstract The standard cosmological model, based on Cold Dark Matter and Dark Energy ( $$\varLambda $$ Cosmology - the science of the Universe at large - has experienced a renaissance in the decades bracketing the turn of the twenty-first century. Exploring our emerging understanding of cosmology, this text takes two complementary points of view: the physical principles underlying theories of cosmology, and the observable consequences of models of Universal expansion. The book develops cosmological models based on fundamental physical principles, with mathematics limited to the minimum necessary to keep the material accessible for students of physics and astronomy at the advanced undergraduate level. A substantial review of general relativity leading up to the Einstein field equations is included, with derivations of explicit formulations connecting observable features of the Universe to models of its expansion. Self-contained and up to date in respect of modern observations, the text provides a solid theoretical grounding in modern cosmology while preparing readers for the changes that will inevitably come from future observations.
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These notes provide a brief introduction to modern cosmology, focusing primarily on theoretical issues.Some attention is paid to aspects of potential interest to students of string theory, on both sides of the two-way street of cosmological constraints on string theory and stringy contributions to cosmology.
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Einstein's General Theory of Relativity links the metrical structure of the cosmic order (or "cosmology") to the contingent distributions of matter and energy throughout the universe, one of the chief areas of investigation in astrophysics. However, presently we have neither devised nor discovered system of uniform relations whereby we can make our cosmological measurements intelligible. This is "the measurement problem of cosmology." Using both historical ideas (such as A.N. Whitehead's work in the 1920s) and contemporary evidence and theories, argue that the measurement problem has neither been fully understood nor rightly interpreted. With better grasp of this problem, such as am attempting to provide, the prospects for solution look brighter.
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In this work, we discuss the cosmological evolutions in the nonrelativistic and possibly renormalizable gravitational theory, called the Hořava–Lifshitz (HL) theory. We consider the original HL model (type I), and the modified version obtained by an analytic continuation of parameters (type II). We classify the possible cosmological evolutions with arbitrary matter. We will find a variety of cosmology.
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