Developments and Perspectives of Transition Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalysts with Regulated Coordination Environment for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance
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The sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode in those proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and metal-air batteries usually require high-performance catalysts to reduce the reaction...Keywords:
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Exploring superior catalysts with high catalytic activity and durability is of significant for the development of an electrochemical device involving the oxygen reduction reaction. This work describes the synthesis of Pt-on-Pd bimetallic heterogeneous nanostructures, and their high electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Pt nanoclusters with a size of 1-2 nm were generated on Pd nanorods (NRs) through a modified Cu underpotential deposition (UPD) process free of potential control and a subsequent surface-limited redox reaction. The Pt nanocluster decorated Pd nanostructure with a ultralow Pt content of 1.5 wt % exhibited a mass activity of 105.3 mA mg(-1) (Pt-Pd) toward ORR, comparable to that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst but 4 times higher than that of carbon supported Pd NRs. More importantly, the carbon supported Pt-on-Pd catalyst displays relatively small losses of 16% in electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and 32% in mass activity after 10 000 potential sweeps, in contrast to respective losses of 46 and 64% for the commercial Pt/C catalyst counterpart. The results demonstrated that Pt decoration might be an efficient way to improve the electrocatalytic activity of Pd and in turn allow Pd to be a promising substitution for commercial Pt catalyst.
Oxygen evolution
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Abstract For global deployment of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, achieving optimal interaction between the components of the cathode active layer remains challenging. Studies addressing the effect of nanoparticle location (inside vs outside of pores) on performance and durability mostly compare porous and nonporous carbon supports, thus coming short of decoupling nanoparticle locality from carbon support effects. To address the influence of nanoparticle locality on performance and durability, new carbon‐supported electrocatalysts with designed and distinct nanoparticle localities are presented. The developed methodology allows to place Pt nanoparticles preferentially inside or outside of the mesopores of conductive carbon supports from materials under development at Cabot Corporation. Synthesis protocols are tuned to control nanoparticle size, crystallinity, and loading; this way the effect of Pt locality can be studied for two experimental carbon supports in isolation from all other parameters. For one carbon support, Pt active surface area and activity are significantly lower when nanoparticles are placed inside the pores. In contrast, for another, more graphitic carbon support, placing nanoparticles inside or outside of the carbon pores produces no appreciable difference in active surface area and performance rotating disk electrode measurements. Given their carefully tailored structure, these catalysts provide a framework for evaluating locality‐performance‐durability relationships.
Platinum nanoparticles
Oxygen evolution
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The hollow PtxNi1−x/C nanocrystallites are capable of fulfilling cost, electrocatalytic performance, and durability requirements of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell applications.
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Air separation
Limiting oxygen concentration
Partial pressure
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A synergetic catalytic system was built based on Pt NPs and atomic Ni–N–C joint active sites for better ORR electrocatalysis.
Carbon fibers
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Recent developments of hollow carbon sphere-based materials as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are summarized, particularly focusing on surface and interface engineering strategies that greatly enhance ORR performance.
Carbon fibers
Interface (matter)
Surface Engineering
Oxygen evolution
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Ultrathin Pt layers can be generated on Pd and Au nanocrystals by coordination effect assisted synthesis for the oxygen reduction reaction.
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The ability to precisely control the nanoscale phase structure of bimetallic catalysts is required to achieve a synergistic effect between two metals for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
Bimetallic strip
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Oxygen reduction reaction-favoring PtPdAg hollow nanoparticle, nanodimer and nanowire catalysts are synthesized, all of which have been demonstrated to be promoting factors for the ORR. PtPdAg/C nanodimers exhibit excellent performance for the ORR with the highest mass activity.
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