Corrigendum to “CT imaging using variable helical pitch scanning for lower extremity arterial disease: Reduced contrast medium dose, improved image quality and diagnostic accuracy” [Eur. J. Radiol. 184 (2024) 111792]
X LiJunzu GengYinsu ZhuLi-Yao LiuQiao YuYongli MaLu LuChang June SongYue QinGuo-Ping ChenMin XuZirui WangYarong Wang
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Helical computed tomography
Neurophysiological findings and recent theorizing suggest that contrast may influence the ease of attentional selection, with high-contrast stimuli easy to select and hard to ignore. We tested this in four experiments. In Exp 1, subjects searched for a target (an “8” or a “9”) in a display of digits. In separate blocks, subjects searched a display of: (A) low-contrast digits, (B) high-contrast digits, (C) half low- and half high-contrast digits, with the target appearing among the low-contrast digits, or (D) half low- and half high-contrast digits, with the target appearing among the high-contrast digits. In conditions C and D, subjects were told the contrast of the target, potentially allowing them to select based on contrast. Subjects performed significantly better in condition C than in A (and better in condition D than in B), indicating that contrast differences between relevant and irrelevant stimuli improves search even when the irrelevant stimuli are of higher contrast. In Exps 2 and 3, subjects searched for a target among digits within half of the items, which was defined by color (red vs. green) or location, respectively. The contrast of these “relevant” and “irrelevant” sets was independently manipulated. When the relevant subset was defined by color, the search was easier whenever the “relevant” and “irrelevant” items had different contrast levels, even when the distractors were high-contrast. However, when the relevant items were in distinct locations, search was harder when the irrelevant subset was of high-contrast. This was not true, however, when the same experiment was repeated with different contrast levels presented in different blocks (Exp 4). Overall, the results suggest that selective attention to either high- or low-contrast is readily achieved, although this capability is not always utilized. The results challenge the most obvious linkage between attentional function and neurophysiological findings concerning contrast and attention.
Color contrast
High contrast
Visual Search
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The recently introduced intravenous cholegraphic contrast media produce a greater diagnostic yield in radiological routine thanks to improved roentgenological contrasting. Whereas the percentage share of roentgenologically clearly assessable cases is about 75 % when using Biligrafin, this percentage is much higher with the more recent contrast media, especially Biliscopin, namely, up to 88 %. These new contrast media are also superior in respect of tolerance, since they produce fewer side effects. While side effects must be expected in about 28 % of the cases when injecting Biligrafin, the side effect quota is about 10 % only with Biliscopin or Endomirabil. If the contrast medium is infused instead of injected, the quota of side effect drops to 2.3 % with Biliscopin or 3.9 % with Endomirabil. Slight and medium side effects have definitely decreased with the more recent contrast media. The slower and more continually the contrast medium is administered, the fewer are the side effects observed; this becomes particularly noticeable in the case of long-term infusions. However, the likelihood of severe incidents caused by the contrast medium, remains unchanged at about 1 % of the examined patients, even with the more recently introduced contrast media.
Intravenous contrast
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Arthrography using the contrast medium Hexabrix was performed in 120 patients. The knee arthrographies executed in double-contrast technique showed very good contrast, thanks to the chemical and physical properties of the contrast medium, in x-rays taken 1 to 3 minutes after injection of the contrast medium. Even if the x-ray films were taken 15 minutes after administration of the contrast medium, the results were still good. The contrast medium is well tolerated.
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Hollingsworth recently showed a posttest contrast for ANOVA situations that, for equal N, had several favorable qualities; the contrast is maximized so that if the overall F test were significant, the contrast would also be significant. The coefficients are chosen such that , which is said to help interpret the resulting contrast. However, for unequal N, the contrast suggested by Hollingsworth fails to achieve status as a maximized contrast; thus the contrast is not insured to be significant when the overall F test is significant, requiring separate testing of the contrast.
Contrast effect
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This article established a general theory of equating visibilities based on task contrast and contrast sensitivities. It quantifies the relationship between equivalent contrast of a task and its physical contrast, as well as the relationship between visual CRF (Contrast Rendition Factor) and physical CRF.
Equating
Visibility
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Intravenous contrast
Helical computed tomography
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Whether contrast adaptation may enhance contrast discrimination is a question that has remained largely unresolved because of conflicting empirical evidence. Greenlee and Heitger (1988), for example, reported that contrast discrimination may be enhanced after contrast adaptation, while Maattanen and Koenderink (1991) did not. This paper aimed to account for the different conclusions reached by these independent researchers by manipulations of key differences that exist between the two studies. It is shown that contrast discrimination may be enhanced after adaptation, but that these effects can vary markedly across subjects and test conditions. Enhancements in contrast discrimination are reported to be significant when adapting and testing at low levels of contrast, but just significant at higher levels of contrast. For high contrast signals; enhancements are shown to be independent of temporal frequency but dependent upon viewing conditions. Under binocular viewing conditions, enhancements in contrast discrimination thresholds are shown to be significantly higher than under monocular viewing conditions. It is suggested that the different conclusions reached by Greenlee and Heitger and by Maattanen and Koenderink may be explained by their respective differences in viewing conditions. The former study used binocular, while the latter study used monocular viewing with an occluding eyepatch.
Monocular
High contrast
Contrast effect
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The aim of this paper is to rationalize the idea of constructing a contrast category as one of the semantic categories in Chinese Language,as well as to classify it from different perspectives.There are theoretical supports from cognitive psychology and linguistic that contrast as a semantic category in modern Chinese is the reflection of contrast as part of humankinds' cognitive mechanism.As a semantic category revises a certain relationship,contrast is characterized by highlighting difference.From different perspectives we can classify contrast category into different sub-categories as follows:marked contrast and unmarked contrast,antithetical contrast and non-antithetical contrast,two-thing contrast and two-profile contrast,linear contrast and non-linear contrast,overt contrast and implied contrast,unitary contrast and multiple contrast and etc.
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The contrast media Biligram, Endomirabil und Biliscopin are tested in comparative series in a total of 304 patients. The optimal time of exposure for visulaization of the bile ducts and gallbladder is between 60 and 90 minutes in combined filling with Biloptin and the contrast medium used. The contrast media do not differ from one another in a significant manner in respect of contrast densification. All three constrast media have low side effects for injection times of 5 minutes. The side effect quota increases with the amount of injected contrast medium. Of all three contrast media, Biliscopin has the lowest side effect quota.
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