Airborne trichloramine in indoor swimming pools in Sweden
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Trichloramine is a disinfection by-product in chlorinated swimming pools. It can evaporate into the air and irritate eyes and airways among swimmers and pool workers. This study aimed to evaluate airborne concentrations of trichloramine in different types of indoor swimming pools. Altogether, 72 swimming pools across Sweden were included; 36 exercise pools, 16 instruction pools, seven adventure pools, and 13 rehabilitation pools. In total, 167 sampling sessions were performed with the majority (N = 91) conducted in public exercise pools. Repeated sampling sessions on different days were performed within all pool categories. Airborne trichloramine was measured stationary by the poolside using active sampling on quartz filters. In total, 434 air samples were collected. The geometric mean (GM) concentration of trichloramine for the exercise pools was 0.12 mg/m3 (range GMpool: 0.02–0.29 mg/m3) and for about 30% the GMpool exceeded the Swedish public health guideline value (0.2 mg/m3). The geometric mean for instruction pools was 0.18 mg/m3 and for adventure pools 0.20 mg/m3. Trichloramine concentrations were statistically significantly lower in rehabilitation pools (GM: 0.03 mg/m3) compared with the other pool categories. A statistically significant effect of time of the day for sampling was found for the exercise and instruction pools, with higher trichloramine levels during evenings compared with mornings and afternoons. For the rehabilitation pools, trichloramine was significantly higher during the cold season compared with the warm season. Variability in trichloramine concentrations was attributed to between-pool as well as within-pool variances. The within-pool variability encourages a repeated sampling strategy to capture the variation between different days. These findings have implications for exposure assessment in epidemiological studies as well as for indoor air quality monitoring. Trichloramine can cause acute irritative effects at elevated levels, and since trichloramine concentrations may differ depending on the time of the day it is recommended that full-day stationary measurements are supplemented with short-term samplings to capture these variations.Cite
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The Army Air Corps has gone from strength to strength since its formation in 1957 with the increased need for and recognition of the roles of helicopter support by commanders on the ground. As technology has advanced, so has the ability of the helicopter to perform a under range of tasks and this has come to fruition with the new generation of Attack Helicopters. As Director Army Air Corps, General Lytle describes the technical and organisational advances of the last few years for Army Aviation and the central role of the Attack Helicopter for flexible operations of the future.
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Abstract : This report describes the formation of the Navy's Aerodynamics Laboratory and its pioneering contributions in naval aeronautics from 1911 to 1919. The Navy was just beginning serious interest in aviation in 1911 with the procurement of its first aircraft, a Curtiss A-1. This aircraft was technologically similar to the Wright brothers' first airplane but with greater power to allow takeoff from the water using its large central float. At this time the practice of aeronautical engineering was largely a process of trial and error. While this method was successful for small aircraft like the A-l, it posed a significant impediment for development of larger more capable aircraft. Under the leadership of Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, the Navy's Experimental Wind Tunnel was designed and built at the Washington Navy Yard next to the Navy's Experimental Model Basin to advance the state of aeronautical engineering. The Navy's new wind tunnel was the world's largest and the centerpiece of the Navy's Aerodynamics Laboratory. The laboratory, and the naval constructors who worked there under Taylor, developed and refined methods for testing scaled models of complete aircraft as well as aircraft components. These experiments provided the data needed to effectively design large aircraft and led to the success of the Navy's NC flying boat. In 1919, an NC was the first airplane to fly across the Atlantic. This was an accomplishment that at the time was as amazing to the average person as landing on the moon would be fifty years later. In a decade when U.S. advancements in aeronautics were waning, the pioneering work of the Navy's Aerodynamics Laboratory propelled the Navy to the forefront of aeronautics in the second decade of the 20 century. The laboratory established a foundation for the continued development of aeronautics and left a legacy that continues 100 years later.
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НЕВЗОРОВ Роман Вікторович, кандидат педагогічних наук, заступник начальника кафедри льотної експлуатації і бойового застосування літаків,
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Among the interesting papers at a recent conference was a contribution which detailed the US Army Aviation and Troop Command's Aviation Applied Technology Directorate (AATD) initiated research on cockpit air bags. Based on actual mishap data — a member of an aircrew may survive an accident with only minor injuries, whereas the gunner, for example, receives fatal injuries owing to his head flailing into the rigid telescopic sighting unit.
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While the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 makes DOD primarily responsible for military aeronautics, it stipulates a role for NASA in providing direct and indirect support for national defense. The existing role of NASA in support of military aeronautics is working well and is well coordinated. The role needs only to be kept effective and then improved by increasing its responsiveness to changing military requirements and by the selective application of additional people. Funding resources should also be made available to NASA for research. Specific roles that NASA could or should play were examined. It was determined that the most important areas for this support are in basic research, generic technology evolution, and facility support in the fields of aerodynamics, structures and materials, and propulsion.
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Autopilot
Sophistication
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Center (category theory)
Flight training
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