Influence of phosphorous fertilizer on mineral nutrition and yield attributes of wheat: Acquisition with PSTOL1 gene for arid environment
M. I. MakhdumMuhammad AbidRashida HameedSidra BaloochSibgha NoreenMuhammad Salim AkhterUmmar IqbalAdeel AbbasMohammad Abul FarahRattandeep Singh
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Desert (philosophy)
Desert climate
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Desert climate
Aridity index
Semi-arid climate
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In arid and semi-arid areas, the diurnal and annual temperature ranges are large. Taking reasonable measures of thermal insulation, the indoor thermal environment can be comfort. The traditional dwellings, in arid and semi-arid areas of western China, have energy efficient characteristic, among which Yaodong is the typical representative. In this paper, the temperature in Yaodong wall will be tested and calculated to research the scientific mechanism of energy conservation. And then the effective wall thickness will be calculated by the periodic thermal transfer mechanism. This method offers a theoretical basis for low energy building design in arid and semi-arid areas.
Thermal transfer
Conservation of energy
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Pan evaporation
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خشک‌سالی به عنوان پیامد اجتناب‌ناپذیر نوسانات آب وهوایی، یکی از عوامل مهم در کاهش تولید محصولات کشاورزی به ویژه در شرایط دیم می‌باشد. در این پژوهش از شاخص مرجع کشاورزی برای خشک‌سالی (ARID) در دو رهیافت شامل مدل‌های تک لایه و دولایه‌ی توازن آب خاک جهت مدل‌سازی توابع تولید گندم و جو دیم در سطح استان گلستان استفاده شده است. بدین منظور داده‌های هواشناسی روزانه برای 12 ایستگاه تبخیرسنجی و سینوپتیک موجود در سطح استان گلستان اخذ و مقدار شاخص ARID بر اساس دو رهیافت مورد نظر در دوره‌ی رشد محصولات گندم و جو محاسبه گردید. هم‌چنین آمار عملکرد گندم و جو در زراعت‌های دیم و آبی در سطح 8 شهرستان استان گلستان طی دوره‌ی متناظر جمع‌آوری و با آنالیز نقطه‌ی جهش مقادیر سری نسبت عملکرد (R) در هر شهرستان برآورد گردید. با انتخاب 6 دوره‌ی فنولوژیک رشد برای محصولات مورد بررسی، مقدار متوسط شاخص ARID در هر مرحله طی سال‌های مختلف محاسبه و با حل غیرخطی رابطه‌ی بین نسبت عملکرد و شاخص ARID، ضرایب حساسیت هر مرحله تعیین و مدل برآورد عملکرد مشخص گردید. در پایان با مقایسه‌ی مقادیر عملکردهای محاسبه شده و مشاهده شده بر اساس معیارهای آماری، توانایی شاخص ARID در دو رهیافت مورد بررسی ارزیابی گردید. بر اساس این مقایسه نتایج شاخص ARID در رهیافت مبتنی بر مدل دولایه‌ی توازن آب و خاک در شبیه‌سازی مقادیر عملکرد محصولات گندم و جو دیم از دقت بالاتری برخوردار بود. علاوه بر این دقت توابع تولید استخراج شده برای محصول جو نیز به مراتب بیش‌تر از گندم بوده است. بررسی ضرایب حساسیت تنش نسبی محصولات مورد ارزیابی نشان می‌دهد که به ازای محصولات گندم و جو دیم دوره ساقه‌رفتن حساس‌ترین مرحله نسبت به تنش آبی در تمامی ایستگاه‌ها به جز ایستگاه‌های واقع در شهرستان رامیان می‌باشد. اهمیت نسبی حساسیت مراحل رشد اولیه، خوشه رفتن و گلدهی نسبت به تنش آبی با توجه به نوع محصول در ایستگاه‌های مختلف، متفاوت بدست آمد. با این وجود کم‌ترین میزان حساسیت به ازای دوره‌های رویشی اولیه و رسیدگی بدست آمد.
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Background.Exploring suitable split nitrogen management is essential for winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China (HPC) under water-saving irrigation conditions, which can increase grain and protein yields by improving nitrogen translocation, metabolic enzyme activity and grain nitrogen accumulation.Methods.Therefore, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate these effects in HPC.Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a constant total rate (240 kg/ha), split between the sowing and at winter wheat jointing growth stage in varying ratios, N1 (0% basal and 100% dressing fertilizer), N2 (30% basal and 70% dressing fertilizer), N3 (50% basal and 50% dressing fertilizer), N4 (70% basal and 30% dressing fertilizer), and N5 (100% basal and 0% dressing fertilizer).Results.We found that the N3 treatment significantly increased nitrogen accumulation post-anthesis and nitrogen translocation to grains.In addition, this treatment significantly increased flag leaf free amino acid levels, and nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, as well as the accumulation rate, active accumulation period, and accumulation of 1000-grain nitrogen.These factors all contributed to high grain nitrogen accumulation.Finally, grain yield increase due to N3 ranging from 5.3% to 15.4% and protein yield from 13.7% to 31.6%.The grain and protein yields were significantly and positively correlated with nitrogen transport parameters, nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity levels, grain nitrogen filling parameters.Conclusions.Therefore, the use of split nitrogen fertilizer application at a ratio of 50%:50% basaltopdressing is recommended for supporting high grain protein levels and strong nitrogen translocation, in pursuit of high-quality grain yield.
Nitrogen fertilizer
Winter wheat
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Synopsis In five out of cases the variety ✕ location interaction variance was smaller for yield components than for grain yield of oats. This seemed to result from the multiplicative method of interaction of the components.
Variance components
30-day yield
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