Stretchable Wearable Wireless Bioelectronics Using All Printed Pressure Sensors and Strain Gauges
Nathan ZavanelliYoon Jae LeeMyung-Chul KimAllison BatemanMatthew GuessHyeonseok KimDinesh K. PatelWoon‐Hong Yeo
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Abstract:
Abstract The sense of touch and perception of hand motion form an essential part of the somatic sensory system. Although piezoelectric sensors demonstrate high sensitivity and linearity, they are traditionally not employed for electronic skins because of their limited stretchability. Here, a printed, skin‐conformal, electronic system consisting of stretchable piezoelectric pressure sensors and carbon nanotube strain gauges capable of identifying tactile sensations and joint movements on the hand is introduced. The pressure sensor demonstrates both high sensitivity (19.9 mV kPa −1 ) and linearity (0.1–1000 kPa) while being reliably stretchable to above 15%. To complement the pressure sensing functionality, a strain gauge is fabricated in a rapid stamp printing process and designed to demonstrate excellent mechanical reliability with up to 70% strain and high sensitivity (36.5‐gauge factor). These sensors can seamlessly conform to numerous anatomical regions and cover wide areas of the skin, making them ideal for deployment in an electronic skin. Finally, the sensors are integrated with a flexible microelectronic device to demonstrate their functionality in human touch and prosthetic hand applications.Keywords:
Bioelectronics
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Strain (injury)
Wearable Technology
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Although wearable technologies incited by the “Internet of things” are gradually being presented, only a few studies have examined the adoption of wearable technologies. Despite its growing importance, wearable technologies has met with various challenges across the world, including limited adoption by potential consumers. Thus, this study empirically examines the antecedents of wearable technology adoption by potential consumers. Particularly, our result provide support for the importance of trust for overcoming hesitation and risk, related to wearable technology.
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In this study a sensor for harsh environments is presented, that combines the advantages of two principles for pressure monitoring in one package. Highly dynamic and very precise measurements are performed with piezoelectric single crystals. In addition, the static pressure is monitored with platinum thin film strain gauges, designed for high temperature environments. A novel membrane transmits the environmental pressure to both sets of measuring elements that are placed in a closed housing. Experiments show that the setup is stable at least up to 500̊C. Sensor calibration is performed at room temperature with oil at pressure levels ranging up to 50bar. The linearity of the piezoelectric system is within ±1.2% FSO, the linearity of the strain gauges within 3.5% FSO. For demonstration purposes, an oscillating pressure output gained from both piezoelectric and strain gauge sensor elements is presented at 12Hz, showing a good agreement between both transducer principles.
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Linearity
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Together with the evolution of digital health care, the wearable electronics field has evolved rapidly during the past few years and is expected to be expanded even further within the first few years of the next decade. As the next stage of wearables is predicted to move toward integrated wearables, nanomaterials and nanocomposites are in the spotlight of the search for novel concepts for integration. In addition, the conversion of current devices and attachment-based wearables into integrated technology may involve a significant size reduction while retaining their functional capabilities. Nanomaterial-based wearable sensors have already marked their presence with a significant distinction while nanomaterial-based wearable actuators are still at their embryonic stage. This review looks into the contribution of nanomaterials and nanocomposites to wearable technology with a focus on wearable sensors and actuators.
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Recent advances in wearable electrochemical bioelectronics offer promising solutions for sensitive, real-time detection of biomarkers in agriculture.
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Wearable technology collectively describes some of the most exciting emerging technologies, encompassing smart gadgets, garments, jewelry, and other devices worn on the user's body. In recent years, high profile wearable devices such as the Google Glass, Apple Watch, and FitBit have captured both the public imagination and headlines. Wearable technology has the potential to change the world even more profoundly than other mobile technologies. The appearance of such high profile wearable devices in the end-consumer market has also lead to serious consideration of the implications of such technologies, previously limited to the pages of science fiction. The implications for security and privacy of individuals and organizations, and the potential dangers to both society and the economy, must be considered and addressed in order for wearable technology to successfully deliver upon its many promises. Through addressing such concerns, the pathway to a “wearable future” can be unlocked, and users can adopt wearable technology with confidence.
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With the development of smart mobile computer, more and more portable devices are coming into market that includes wearable devices.To evaluate the wearable devices, the wearable level is an important reference.In this paper, we proposed to evaluate wearable devices based on quality characteristics.However, the characteristics are usually unstable, historical sample size is small, index, show obvious non-normal distribution.These features make it hard to use the general statistical techniques for effective evaluation.A model based on support vector machine (SVM) is proposed to distinguish the wearable level.This paper introduces the current situation of wearable devices, descripts its classification and evaluation principle, and gives out the classification model and algorithm for wearable level.This work can be a beneficial reference to wearable standard.
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